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a trough. Wheu suflBcieut meal and salt was mixed with the medicines 

 to entice the sheep to eat it, the bulk that contained the requisite dose 

 of medicine was too large for a sheep to eat at ouce. As this bulk was 

 retained for some hours in the rumen, the efficacy of the dose was lost, 

 for the virtue of nearly all of these remedies depends on the dose passing 

 through the intestines in mass. Human patients are usually prepared 

 for the medical treatment by abstaining from food for at least twelve 

 hours previously ; they are then given a cathartic which is followed by 

 the anthelmintic. This plan of treatment utterly fails in ruminants, 

 for neither stage can be successfully carried out in administering 

 these remedies by the mouth. The presence of the large rumen, which 

 holds a large quantity of reserve food, and into which new material may 

 be taken, accounts in part for this. Some of the food, if sufficiently 

 fine, in fasting animals passes directly to the manifolds and fourth or 

 true stomach, but a certain proportion would fall into the rumen, and 

 thus th^ efficacy of the total amount acting within a given time would 

 be lost. 



These experiments failed, therefore, through the anatomical structure 

 of the animal and the method of administration. The presence of 

 Uvniw in the biliary ducts is another reason why twrncvfuges can not 

 be entirely successful in treatment of sheep with T. Jimbriata. Any 

 medicine which would afit'ect the twniw in these ducts would also aftect 

 the sheep seriously. It is doubtful whether they can be killed or driven 

 from the ducts. The continued or repeated administration of remedies 

 that are necessary for expelling these tccnice is also an objection to 

 their use. The parasites are continually appearing throughout the 

 year, and even if those already developed could be driven ott", the con- 

 stant re-infection would necessitate other operations for their removal. 

 The cost of the necessary medical treatment seemed to me to more than 

 exceed the good results that possibly might be realized. Further ex- 

 periments were therefore delayed until the complete life history of the 

 Ijarasite should be determined. In this history we may hope to find 

 some stage at which we may more profitably administer remedies. 

 Many prescriptions for eradicating tape worms in ruminants are given 

 in various journals and agricultural papers. Some of them when tried 

 may have proved very efficacious. Unfortunately reports concerning 

 the effects of their administration are not recorded. My own experience 

 leads me to have little faith in them. There is a feature about them 

 which, no doubt, has been recognized by the ranchman who has under- 

 taken to carry them out to the letter, viz : It is the entire inadequacy 

 of the recipes in prescribing methods of administration, and medicines 

 of reasonable price as well as of certain efficiency. This oversight is 

 of such importance that otherwise good recipes have to be abandoned. 

 The Western methods of treating sheep medicinally mustdifter from the 

 Eastern methods, as the methods of sheep-dipping, sheep-shearing, or 

 sheep-husbandry in these sections differ; otherwise the expense of 



