208 



dropper filled with water and inserted into the end of the needle would suffice to wash 

 it out, or drawing back the piston of the syringe would leave the needle compara- 

 tively empty. The needle might also be washed out by removing the syringe, wash- 

 ing it out, filling with water, and forcing a few drops into the trachea through this 

 needle. This, however, would cause unnecessai'j' delay before the animal is released, 

 and is therefore not to be recommended. The simplest method, then, to empty the 

 needle would be to drawback the piston, for the discharge of anything but the purest 

 water into the wound may produce more irritation than the medicinal substances 

 themselves. The auimal should be watched for some time, especially after the first 

 operation, to observe how the injection has been borne, and whether any symptoms 

 arise which indicate difficulty of breathing. 



If, as has been suggested, a slight incision be made in the skin before introducing 

 the needle, and if a cartilaginous ring be avoided in piercing the trachea, the ordi- 

 nary needle with beveled extremity will be sufficient, and the trocar may be dis- 

 pensed with. When the needle has entered the trachea, a slight hissing noise, due to 

 the entrance and exit of air with each inspiration and expiration, indicates that the 

 needle has reached its destiuation and is not plugged. 



The substances to be injected should have distinctly vermicide properties, with- 

 out being at the same time too irritating or poisonous in their effects on the animal. 

 Levi gives two formulte which he used with success upon a sheep. The wciuis were 

 discharged in three days and the catarrh cured : Iodine, 2 parts; iodide of potash, 10 

 parts; distilled water, 100 parts, by weight. 



Begin with half a dram of this solution, add half a dram of water, and increase 

 by half a dram of the above solution each day up to5 drams. Another remedy is the 

 following : Mix equal parts of turpentine and olive oil, and inject from 1 to 4 drams. 

 In this case the writer probably intended to state that the dose should be increased 

 from 1 to 4 drams on successive days. 



Eloire (Becueil de Med. Vet., 188:^, p. 683) gives the following formula: On i nary 

 oil of poppy and oil of turpentine, each 100 parts ; carbolic acid and purified oil of 

 cade, each 2 parts. 



The oil of poppy, being a bland oil, does not possess auy medicinal properties and 

 may be replaced by olive oil. Each sheep to receive about 2 drams a day for three 

 days. 



Six animals treated in this way showed immediate improvement and were filially 

 cured. Penhale {Veterinarian, 18S5, p. 106) reports immediate relief and ultimate 

 cure in two calves by injecting the following mixture: Oil of turpentine, 2 drams; 

 carbolic acid, 20 drops ; chloroform, i dram. 



One-half of this amount may be given to a sheep and the dose subsequently in 

 creased if necessary. 



Hutton (loc. cit., p. 62) reports favorable results in six out of eight cases by inject- 

 ing the above liquid, in which 1 dram of the tincture of opium was used in place of 

 chloroform. 



This completes the list of remedies thus far suggested and tried. 

 The favorable testimony, though not abundant, is very encouraging. 

 There are many substances, no doubt, the use of which might be more 

 beneficial than those mentioned, but nothing can be said of them until 

 they have been tested. 



The dose for young sheep should be proportioned to the age and 

 size of the animal. The preparations with turpentine seem to have 

 given the best results. During treatment the patients should receive 

 the best of care. 



The prevention of this disease is very desirable, though it may never 



