Introduction. xix 



Amphibia None. 



Reptilia Noue. 



Birds Ostriches are farmed for their featliers in South Africa 



and at Nice. Swans also to provide feathers (swans- 

 down). Albumen prepared from fowls' eggs. 



Mammalia The same as Sub-group (a), i.e. cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, 



and others for (i) hide; (ii) wool; (iii) fat; (iv) bone 

 and horn ; (v) milk ; and (vi) other products. 



(i) For hide — ^oxen (Bovidx), ox-hide, cow-hide, calf-skin ; 

 sheep-skin for chamois and Morocco leather; lamb- 

 skin for gloves. Goat-skin used for Slorocco leather 

 and bottle making in the East. 



(ii) For wool — sheep, such as Merinos, Lincolns, Leicesters, 

 Persian Lamb ; goats, as Angora, Kashmir or Thibet 

 and Sudan goats ; camels for hair which is woven into 

 cloth in Persia ; alpaca and the llama in Peru and 

 Bolivia. 



(iii) For fat — pigs, sheep, oxen ; prepared suet from 

 internal fat of sheep ; wool fat (^Adcps lanx) ; prepared 

 hog's lard. 



(iv) For bone — oxen, sheep, horses, and all domesticated 

 animals. Horn — cattle and sheep. 



(v) For milk — cows, goats, mares. 



(vi) For other products — sugar of milk from whey of cows' 

 milk ; ' fel ' or purified ox-bile ; pepsina from mucus 

 membrane of the stomach of sheep, pigs, calves. Modern 

 medicine makes use of nearly all the glands of domesti- 

 cated mammalia in order to manufacture "extracts" 

 of a curative nature. 



Survey of Sub-group (jj) of Group B. 



THE UTILISATION OF THE ANIMAL AS A SURGICAL AGENT. 



The chief animals coming in this sub-group are the Medicinal Leeches 

 SanguisHfja mecUcinalls and S. officinalis. In 3Iexico another leech, a 

 species of Hsmnentaria, is made use of. 



GROUP C. 



Animals which directly promote Man's operations as a civilised 

 being, without being killed, captured or trained by him. 



This is a remarkable group — remarkable because it is so small. The 

 fact is that in more primitive conditions of civilisation man would 

 recognise more clearly than he now does his indebtedness to other 

 animals, as, for instance, the fisherman looks to the sea-gulls for guidance. 

 Highly civilised man has almost completely separated himself from the 

 ancient association with the animal world, excepting where he has seized 

 and domesticated or more or less trained the useful animal. The 

 scavenger animals and birds and the earthworms still act freely for man's 

 benefit without submitting to his yoke. 



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