hitrodtiction. xv 



Coelentera Red coral (Corallium rubrum) and Isis and Mopsea. 



Echinoderma Starfish (Asterias vidgaris) are collected and used as 



manure (five-finger naanure) in some parts of Great 

 Britain. 



Platyhelmia to Chsetopoda None. 



Crustacea None. 



Arachnida None. 



Hexapoda Various insects are sought for by man for their products 



lac insects (CoccidcB) ; " cantharides " (= dried beetles, 

 Cantharides vesicatoria and others) ; oil extracted from 

 locusts in Algeria ; galls (Cyiiips) for dyes, tanning and 

 ink ; beetles for their metallic elytra, used as ornaments 

 for embroidery (Chrysochtis auratus, Buprestis vittata) ; 

 ' ground pearl ' of Bahamas produced by a scale insect, 

 Margarodes formicarium. ' 



Chilopoda None. 



Diplopoda None, 



MoUusca Many shells are collected for ornamental purposes — 



cameos (Cassis madagascarensis and others) ; Sepia for 

 cuttle bone and sepia ; pearl oysters (Aviculidx) ; 

 cowries (Cyprsea moneta) are used as money by some 

 uncivilised races ; the byssus of Pinna for silk ; pearls 

 and mother-of-pearl from pearl oysters {Avicula mar- 

 garitifera), and purple pearls from Area ; others for dyes, 

 as Aplysia camelus in Portugal. 



Tunicata (Ascidians) None. 



Fish Various sharks for their skin (shagreen); fish skins are 



used to clarify beer, also isinglass. Glue is also made 

 from fish skins in India. Cod liver oil from the cod 

 {Oadus tnon-htix). Fish bile used chemically in India. 

 Fish scales, of the bleak (Leticiscus alburnus) and dace 

 (L. OTtZgraris), to make artificial pearls. Fish scales of 

 the mahasir (Barbus tor) also used in manufacture of 

 playing cards in India. 



Amphibians Frogs for their skin for ornamental book-binding. 



Reptiles Many lizards and crocodiles are captured for their skins 



for ornamental purposes ; also turtles (hawksbill and 

 green turtle) for tortoise shell. 



Birds The plumage of manywild birds for ornamental purposes 



— grebes (Colymbus cristatus), skins used for muffs, 

 trimmings, etc. ; gulls {Rissa tridactyla and others), for 

 hats and decoration ; Argus pheasant (Argus gigantetis) ; 

 peacock feathers in China ; eagle feathers in N. 

 America; jays, cockatoos, and parakeets for making 

 artificial flies; Eider dncks (So77iateria wwHissima) for 

 eider down in Greenland, Iceland, and Norway; wild 

 swans for swan down ; bile (fel) of the peacock used 

 medicinally in India. 



Mammals Most groups are sought for for their (i) furs; (ii) 



skin and hide; (iii) bone and horn; (iv) fats; .and 

 (v) scents, 

 (i) For furs — seal, bear, ermine, marten, pine marten, 

 sable, chinchilla, skunk, mink, neutria, caracal, wol- 

 verine, marmot, musquash, genet, squirrel, Arctic 

 fox, moles, etc. Various marsupials — wallabies and 

 kangaroos (^Macivpus), phalangers {Tridiosurus), and 

 others. 

 (ii) For skin and hide — the wild pig, white whale 

 (= porpoise hide) and true porpoises (Pfiocfe-na com- 

 munis) ; buffalo and chamois ; seal for black enamel 

 leather, 

 (iii) For bone and horn — elephant and narwhal for 

 ivory ; ' oxen, deer, and buffalo for horn ; whales 

 (Balxna mysticettis) for whalebone. 



