98 First Report on Economic Zoology. 



They pupate in July, August and September. The pupa is about 

 as long as the larva, but not quite so thick, and in colour varies from 

 dirty brown to brown ; the ventral spines are large, and there are 

 small ones on the dorsal parts of the segments ; the tail-end is spiny 

 and acuminate. 



The larvpe of this large Tipulid feed on all manner of roots, but 

 are especially prevalent in grass land. 



II. The Allied or Marsh Crane-Fly. 



{Tipula paludosa). 



This species is nearly as common as the former, wliich it closely 

 resembles. It appears, however, a little later as a rule, and may be 

 at once distinguished by the wings of the female being shorter than 

 the body and by the absence of the pale streak under the costa in the 

 female; this pale streak, however, occurs in the male, but the 

 (genitalia differ from those of oleracca. The legs are also much 

 stouter than in oleracca. The body, especially in the female, is of a 

 general ferruginous colour, with the dorsal stripe weakly developed. 

 The palpi are also stouter than in the common crane-fly. Its larvse 

 feed in similar situations to the former. I am not acquainted with 

 its structural differences. 



III. The Striped-Abdomen Crane-Fly. 



{Tipnlct lateralis, Meigen.) 



This is a very abundant species which sometimes appears in 

 swarms. I have frequently had the larvte sent me as damaging 

 grass lands from different parts of England. I have noticed it to be 

 particularly abundant along the grassy roadsides in Huntingdonshire 

 some years, notably in 1890 and 1900, when great numbers of the 

 maggots were attacking the grass in neighbouring fields. Grass roots 

 seem to be the main food of the larva?. There are no records of it 

 attacking garden produce or other crops, but it doubtless does so. It 

 occurs in the adult stage in June and July and again in September. 

 In the latter month I found the flies swarming in the fields around 

 Sidmouth in 1889. 



The thorax of this species (Fig. 11, 2) has three brown stripes and 

 is margined with deep brown ; the middle line is broadest anteriorly 

 and has a dark central line in front. The abdomen has chestnut- 

 brown side lines, and eacii segment has the posterior border with a 



