lujitriGiis Tipulidce. 99 



fme pale line. The legs are reddish-brown, the tips of the joints dark 

 brown. The wings are tinged with brown and there is an oblique pale 

 mark by the stigma. The cross-veins are clouded with dark brown 

 and the marginal cell yellowish-brown. Its length varies from half 

 to two-thirds of an inch. The larva varies from three quarters of an 

 inch to nearly an inch in length ; it is thick skinned, of a dirty 

 brownish yellow hue, often with a coating of earth when it assumes 

 a brownish appearance, and has three dark stripes running down tlie 

 body on the back interrupted by the segments ; there are a few dark 

 short hairs ; the anal end with four short thick papillae above, all 

 much the same length, but the two middle ones closer together and 

 a little smaller than the outer pair, and two short, coarse ones on the 

 lower edge. The pupa is nearly an inch in length, of a dirty whitish 

 colour at first, becoming blackish-brown. On the ventral surface of 

 the fifth to the eighth segments is an unequal sized transverse row 

 of bristles near each posterior border ; there are also spines on the 

 front parts of the ventral segments ; the last segment is surrounded 

 by ten spines, four above, four belo-w', and two on each side. 



The larva? are especially fond of damp, wet, muddy earth. 



The other two recorded injurious species belong to the genus 

 Pachyrhimi.s of Macquart. The members of this genus can be told 

 by their more fragile form and black and yellow colouring, and they 

 have the three veins from the discal cell, generally starting from 

 separate bases (Fig. 11, 10). 



lY. The Spotted Ceane-Fly, 

 (PachyrJiina maculosa, Meigen.) 



This is a most abundant species in Great Britain in fields, road- 

 sides, and especially in gardens. It appears in June and July and 

 again in September. After the two large Crane Flies this is the 

 most harmful species, some years it being far more destructive in its 

 larval stage than they are. Its life-history was first worked out by 

 the greatest economic entomologist England has seen — John Curtis. 



During the season of 1902 it appeared in enormous numbers in 

 some districts, such as Kent and Huntingdonshire, and has been 

 reported in great abundance elsewhere. I also found it swarming in 

 parts of Devonshire in 1888. 



Curtis speaks of it as swarming on the sea coast, and mentions 

 " seeing myriads on sand banks in the Isle of Portland, also at the 

 back of the Isle of Wight, and at Lowestoft in Suffolk." 



H 2 



