Injurious Tipulid<x. loi 



V. The Allied Spotted Crane-Fly. 

 {Pachyrhina quadrifaria, Meigen.) 



This is a closely related species to the preceding, and like it is 

 generally distributed over England, but does not seem to occur in 

 such swarms, nor do its larvse seem to occasion as much harm. It, 

 however, has been sent to me from various parts of Surrey and I 

 have observed its larvte in great numbers ravaging flower and 

 vegetable plants at Kingston-on-Thames in 1884 and 1886 ; in the 

 latter year it was especially abundant in the south of England. 

 The adult appears in June and July. 



The female is yellow, the abdomen with a black dorsal stripe ; the 

 head with a triangular black spot behind. The thorax has three 

 broad black stripes, the lateral pair including two yellow spots, and 

 the metathorax has three black stripes. In the $ the abdominal 

 stripe is inteiTupted on the anterior border of each segment, in the 9 

 the dorsal stripe is dilated on the hind border of each segment. The 

 wing is transparent, with the stigma brown, and the hind cross-vein 

 and the last piece of the vein below it infuscated. Legs testaceous ; 

 tips of the femora and tibise black, and the tarsi dusky. Length, 

 half an inch. 



The deep brown stigma will at once separate it from the 

 preceding species. 



The larva is seldom more than half an inch long, of a greyish- 

 yellow colour, with thick skin, and very like that of P. maculosa ; 

 foui' dorsal papillae, the two inner ones much shorter than the two 

 outer ones ; the two ventral papillse short, also brown stripes beneath 

 the stigmas. The pupa is about as long as the larva, brownish -yellow, 

 with sharply indented segments ; two short, thin, rather spatulate 

 cephalic horns ; each segment mth six or seven dorsal spines ; 

 ventral surfaces with five teeth-like spines. 



Natural Enemies of Tipulid/E. 



The Tipulidse are preyed upon by a number of natural enemies 

 wliich, however, are not sufficiently potent to stop them doing much 

 harm and causing great loss both to the agriculturist and horticul- 

 turist. The subject of natural enemies is one to which special 

 attention should be paid, but it is quite useless to expect very great 

 benefit to accrue from any except the birds. People who are 

 acquainted more with the laboratory than the field talk of the use of 

 parasitic hymenoptera {IchnPAimonidce and Chalcididce) and of 



