44 APPLE TWIGS, LOCUST — HABITS OF THE PUPA. 



size, and came out of the ground upon the same day with those 

 which appeared in the timber lands-; nor were they any more 

 plenty beneath two or three shade trees standing in the cleared 

 grounds than in any other parts of the fields. In other places I 

 was also informed of their coming from the earth plentifully in 

 fields which had been cleared several years. Indeed, the pupae 

 emerge in all situations, except where the ground has been wholly 

 destitute of trees and shrubs for seventeen years or more. They 

 even work their way out in the middle of the most solid and 

 hard-trodden roads. This fact is noticed by Rev. Andrew San- 

 del in the first recorded notice which we possess of this insect, 

 in 1715 (Medical Repository, vol iv., p. 71), and was also stated 

 to me by different persons in Illinois. It serves to show the 

 remarkable strength which the anterior legs of the pupa must 

 possess to enable it to dig through ground so compacted. 



It is in the night time that the pupa (of which the accompany- 

 ing figures, taken from specimens of C. rimosa, 

 give a view) emerges from the ground. The 

 warmth and dryness of the air by day would 

 doubtless cause its exterior shell-like case to 

 become stiff and crack open prematurely. 

 Some of the pupa hatch upon the ground, near the holes from 

 which they have emerged; others crawl up the sides of fences 

 and upon bushes and trees, sometimes to a height of twenty feet. 

 The pupa fixes itself securely by its feet, its thin shell-like cover- 

 ing cracks open anteriorly upon the back, and the inclosed insect 

 withdraws itself therefrom, leaving the empty case adhering to 

 the place where it was fixed. 



The oak is the tree which the seventeen-year locust appears 

 most to infest, for the purpose of depositing its eggs, and next to 

 this is probably the apple tree. So numerous were these insects 

 in several orchards in Illinois last June, and such injury did they 

 threaten the trees by their w T ounds, that the proprietors were in- 

 duced with poles and goads to whip and drive them from the trees. 

 And B. S. Rollin, of Wyoming, Wisconsin, in the Wisconsin and 

 Iowa Farmer of November last (vol. vi. p. 254), reports that in 



