32 Second Report on Economic Zoology. 



hella, Fabr., H. cognatella, Hub. and H. irrorella, Hub. ; both the 

 former are very abundant some years in the South of England, where 

 they not unfrequently defoliate the trees and even gnaw the bark 

 off the young stems. They are often very destructive to ornamental 

 Eaonymus in gardens. The larvae of both occur in destructive form 

 in June, the adults in July and August. H. irrorella, Hub., also 

 found on the same food plant, is scarce. Three species attack 

 fruit, namely, H. maJinella, ZelL, H. cvonyinella, L., and H.padella, 

 L. The former is known as a fruit tree pest attacking the 

 apple ; it has been recorded, however, as H. padella, which it 

 closely resembles. H. imdella feeds on hawthorn, and in France on 

 plum and cherry, in Italy on plum. Although this last species is 

 said to be found on apple, the nest made by the larvae on hawthorn 

 in this country certainly differs from that made on apple, being 

 much looser. The form on the apple was named riialivorella by 

 Stainton, but was apparently sunk as a synonym of j^^idella by him' 

 later.* Zeller described the apple form of Europe as malinella. 

 It has not been recognised in England. H. evonymella only 

 occasionally does any harm, its normal food-plant being the Bird- 

 cherry {Fni.nus padvs). It has been sent to me on more than one 

 occasion from cultivated cherries in Kent and also from apple. 

 "NATiitehead says it is the species most usually met with in the 

 north of England. H. jjadella often does much harm to hawthorn 

 hedges, frequently quite defoliating them. In Italy it attacks tlie 

 plum, being known as " tignola del pruno," in France cherry, plum 

 and grapes. It also attacks the cherry in England. 



The Apple pest {H, nudinelld) was most troublesome in 1865,. 

 1877 and 1880. Whole orchards were entir-ely devastated in the 

 two first-named years, the foliage being as bare as in midwinter. 

 Such an attack not only ruined that year's crop, but so harmed the 

 trees that they did not bear crops in subsequent seasons. 



Life-history of the Apple Ermixe. 



The life-history seems to have been confused in describing this 

 pest with that of H. 2>culella. The fact that the same species was 

 thought to attack both hawthorn and apple probably is the cause of 

 this. I feel convinced the two are distinct. 



The apple species is smaller than that found on the hawthorn, 

 measuring about 17 mm. ; the head is white and also the palpi, the 

 thorax is snowy-white with black spots, as also are the fore wings, 



* Lep., Tineina, Ins. Brit. iii. p. GO, 1854:. 



