INSECTS AFFECTING PARK ANT) WOODLAND TKKF.S 383 



under the bark, and each furr..\v was occupied In- one or two Ijeellcs. '1 he 

 furrows are excavated from below upwards. In the short ones but one 

 beetle was found, and but onc^ perforation comniunicatini,r with the external 

 air In the loncjer ones iwo beetles (probal)ly the two sexes), were usually 

 found and from two to four perforations afforded means of in*,aess and 

 eeress The lt)west perforation, which is the one by which the beetle _hrst 

 enters and commences its furrow, is often found closed or "I)locked u]. by 

 the dust and del^ris thrown down by the excavator in th<- pro;4ress ot the 

 work The second perforation is .i^renerally one or two inches above the 

 first I failed to discover wliether it is matle 1)\- iht; second beetle for the 

 purpose of ingress or bv the first beetle. The third and fourth perforations 

 are in a nearl'v direct lim^ alxne the other two and are probably made irom 

 within <.iUAv;irdlv, but for what purpose is uncertain. In one instance the 

 two beetles were found at work making- these i)erforations. l.orin- through 

 from the inner surface of the l)ark. In one instance the third was less than 

 half an inch above the second, so that there would seem to b(; no particular 

 necessity for it. Th(- euos of the insect are deposited alon,^^ both suU-s ol 

 the ui)pc'r part of th(> furrow. They lie close toj^ethcr, almost or .pute m 

 contact with each other. When the larvae emer.^-e from the e.i^r^s the>- i.e-in 

 to feecl upon the soft cambium and to work their way under the bark at ri-ht 

 an.des to the main furrow. Thev are, at first, so minute and work so close 

 to^'^ether that thev make no distinct furrows but seem rather to devour 

 einirely a very thin layer of the caml/ium. But as they increase in si/.e they 

 be^rin ..-raduaily to form distinct furrows and to take directions mon- diver- 

 o-ent fn.m each other and from their original course. In this way colonies 

 From contiguous furrows at len^^h run to,t,H'ther and in time the whole trunk 

 is surrounded by their multitudinous pathways, and the death ot tin- tree is 

 accomplished. Great caix- is taken by the parent beetles to keep their fur- 

 rows separate. Xo instance was observed in which they ran lo.<rether. n 

 one instance; the course of a furrow was chanired to avoid runnin- into the 

 lateral furrows of a colony of larvae just above. No furrows were found in 

 the tree more than lo or 12 feet from its base, thus indicatin.*,^ that the 

 attacks are made upon the lower part of the trunk. I he attacks are not 

 made simultaneousK'. Some of the furrows in this tree were scarcely more 

 than an inch loni^, and evidently had been just commenced. Others were 

 fully excavated and contained ei^ras, and in others still the larvae had hatched 

 and commenced their work. l)Ut in none w<-re they fully .^rown In another 

 tree a few rods distant from the first, the attack had evidenll)- bc-en made 

 earlier in the season, for the larvae were farther advanced in size and the 

 bark, on one side of the tree was well loosc:ned, though stran-c- to say, the 

 other side of the trunk was comparatively unharmed. I was unab C to dis- 

 cover why in this instance, the attack was limited to one side o the trunk. 

 It is pretty evident th(;refore that the trees are attacked all alon- durin- 

 the months of June and luly and possibly as late as August. 



