INSECTS ArFECTINT, PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 4O9 



end. Tlu: hu-va nniains in this case with its head toward its extremity, 

 reversinu- its position before the transformation to the inipa occurs. Just 

 l)efore the disclosure of the moth, the pupa wri.i^rirjes its way partly out of 

 the burrow till it protrudes a short distance: i)eyond the surface of the 

 pitch mass, a procedure which enables the moth to escape without injury 



1 1)1. 20, i'^i!;. I |. 



Description. The moth is a delicate, (grayish l)rown niottU-d insect, 



having- a win,L,^ spread of about ■>4 inch | jil. 20, ii,^:. 21 |. 



The pupa is brownish, about ■, inch in leni,rth, and the abdominal 

 sei,nnents are each provided with two transverse rows of stout teeth. 

 These are of .u'r^-it assistance to the pui)a in wrii(t,dini,^ out of its burrow. 



The larva is about '< inch lon^r when full i^^rown, the head and thoracic 

 shield are li-ht brown, and ihr body a yellowish white. The labrum and 

 tip ..f the mandibles are dark brown, the moderate tubercles are well 

 chitinized and bear one or two setae. The spiracles or breathinj^ pores are 

 encircled by ilark bn.wn rin-s of chilin, and the anal shield is somewhat 

 chitinized and ornamentc-d with longer setae. This larva may be readily 

 distin<,mished from the- larocr dark colored one of the pine tip moth, 

 rinipestis zim merman i (irote, i)y its not possessini^ linear series 

 or tlark brown, blackish, chitinized points on the body surface. 



The ciio; is lemon yellow, elliptic-oval in form when deposited on the 

 glass of the breeding; jar, and nearly ' ,, inch loni;-. 



The r;;allery or burrow of the caterpillar may be 2 or more inches in 

 lenjrth. It is usually confined to the center of i\u: twi-;, and may extend in 

 oncTdirection fr..m the jtitch mass or in both. 'i"he opening: to the latter 

 is ki-pt clear, thou.i.,di usually there is a slij^ht cover over the tij) of the 

 gallery at the surface of the jiiich. 



Parasites. It might be thought that a caterpillar having its burrow 

 protected by a pilch mass would be safe from the attacks of parasitic 

 insects. Such however is not the case, and this species is the host of at 

 least two parasites which were bred by Professor Comstock ; one is known 

 as Ephialtes comstockii Cress., and the other is a species of 



