134 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



plant growth of any kind, orchard trees or otherwise, 

 affording food in their feeding condition, and shelter 

 in their other stages to special kinds of insects all the 

 year round, and for successive years, tliere these 

 insects are sure to be present. This has been the 

 case in such a marked and increased degree during 

 the past few years, in some of our fruit-growing locali- 

 ties, as to necessitate adoption of some special measures 

 of jyrerention suitable to the special habits of some of 

 the kinds of caterpillars, and also of remedial appli- 

 cations suitable for sweeping them all off and de- 

 stroying them together (whatever their other habits 

 may be), when broadscale ravage on the leafage calls, 

 for broadscale clearance. 



One very important division of caterpillars to which 

 measures of prevention can be applied, is that of the 

 "looper" caterpillars of various kinds of moths, of 

 which the females are either totalli/ wingless, or the 

 wings are abortive to such a degree as to prevent them 

 being of service in flying. Of these, two of the most 



Fig. lOG.^Mottled Umber Moth : male and wingless female. 

 Caterpillar, after Taschenberg. 



hurtful kinds are the Mottled Umber {Ilghernia de- 

 foliaria (Fig. 106) and the too well-known " Winter 

 Moth," sometimes also known as the " Evesham 

 Moth." 



The male Mottled Umber is about twice the size of 

 the Winter Moth, with the fore wings usually of a 



