INJURING THE LEAVES. 47 



with brown of a darker .shade. The very young 

 larvse feed only upon the parenchyma of the leaf, 

 leaving a network of bare veins, but they soon 

 grow large enough to eat veins and all. They are 

 gregarious, feeding together and denuding the 

 limb as they go. When at rest or alarmed, they 

 assume the peculiar position shown in the figure. 

 They become full-grown in about six weeks, when 

 they descend to the ground and burrow into the soil 

 three or four inches, where they change to the pupa 

 state. They remain in this condition until the fol- 

 lowing summer, when they emerge again as moths. 

 Consequently, there is but one brood a year. 



Remedies. — Birds and various insect enemies 

 prey upon this caterpillar to such an extent that it 

 rarely becomes injurious. When it does, however, 

 it may easily be destroyed by spraying the infested 

 trees with Paris green in water mixture, or by cutting 

 and burning the twigs on which the larvse are 

 feeding. 



The Leaf-crumpler. 



Phycis indigenella. 

 ( >ne often finds during the winter months upon 

 the twigs of various fruit trees, masses of dry brown 

 leaves, that', when pulled apart, are seen to surround 

 a long, tubular, horn-like case. If one of these cases 

 be carefully cut open it will be found to contain a 

 brownish worm or caterpillar, about half an inch 

 long. This insect is the Leaf-crumpler, and it often 

 becomes one of the most injurious of orchard pests. 



