INJURING THE FRUIT. 127 



'finished one it gnaws its way out and enters a neigh- 

 boring berry, fastening the two together with silken 

 threads (Fig. 61, d). In this way three or four 

 berries are frequently destroyed by a single larva, 

 which, when fully grown, is about a quarter of an 

 inch long, of a dull green color tinged with red, and 

 covered with a few short hairs. It pupates on the 

 leaf, first cutting out a crescent-shaped flap which it 

 binds down by means of silken threads, forming a 

 snug, tight cocoon. About a fortnight later, in 

 southern latitudes, the moths appear, to lay eggs for 

 a second brood, which hibernates in the pupa state. 



Remedies. — The only remedies as yet.suggested 

 are those of gathering and burning the fallen leaves 

 in autumn or early winter, or picking and burning 

 injured fruit, being sure to get the larva with it. 



Other Grape Insects. 



The grape is subject to attack by many insects 

 besides those discussed in the preceding pages. The 

 roots are sometimes bored by the gigantic larvae of 

 two species of Prionus — the Broad-necked Prionus 

 (P. laticollis) and the Tile-horned Prionus (P. imbri- 

 cornis), but these insects usually infest only grape- 

 vines planted on new land, and are seldom injurious 

 in older fields. The branches are attacked by a va- 

 riety of species, including certain tree-hoppers, the 

 Maple Bark-louse, the Red-shouldered Sinoxylon (&'. 

 basilare), and certain gall-making insects. The ene- 

 mies to the foliage of the grape are legion, and 



