INSECTS ATTACKING SHADE-TREES. 97 



grown, and spin silken cocoons, fastened to tree trunks, or to 

 fences, walls of buildings, etc., near the trees. In these cocoons 

 they pupate, and the adults soon appear. The adults of this 

 brood are almost all out by August 1, at Lawrence. Eggs are 

 soon laid, the females, on emerging from the cocoon, crawling 

 upon its surface, and clinging there until the eggs are laid. They 

 then die, and their withered bodies are often to be seen hanging 

 on the cocoon. The eggs soon hatch, and before winter the brood 

 has gone through its transformations and the eggs are laid, which 

 pass thi'ough the winter, hatching the next May. 



Remedies. — There ai'e so many natural enemies of this pest, that 

 it has much difficulty in maintaining its ground. Almost, if not 

 quite, a dozen insect parasites have been found infesting it. In 

 Lawrence, I have bred three ichneumon parasites from pupae of 

 this insect. 



When it does become locally destructive, the egg masses should 

 be picked oiF the tree trunks and fences in winter and destroyed. 



Spraying infested trees with arsenicals (see p. 7) while the larvae 

 are young is effective. 



Kansas Notes. — The White-marked Tussock Moth is well known 

 jn Kansas towns. However, it is noticeable that the large prom- 

 ise given by the first brood as to a probably overwhelming num- 

 ber of individuals of the second brood is rarely fulfilled, owing to 

 the destructive work of the many parasites. From my notes on the 

 occurrence of this pest in Lawrence last year, I quote as follows ; 



February 2. — Egg masses abundant on maples about town. 



June 28. — Larvae numerous; crawling on tree trunks, sidewalks, and 

 fences; about one-half to three-fourths inch long. 



July 15. — Very few larvae now, most of them having spun cocoons 

 and pupated. Many imagyies have already emerged; and some eggs are 

 laid. Noted several cocoons containing hymenopterous larvae, para- 

 sitic. The cocoons are remarkably abundant on maple trees and in 

 their vicinity. Fifty cocoons to a tree, on the lower 10 feet of trunk, 

 is an average for an infested tree. Abundant along fences, on sides of 

 houses and barns. 



July 23. — The cocoons are badly infested by parasites. Most of the 

 cocoons have given up the imagines and the females have laid their eggs, 

 but the number of imagines is remarkably less than the number of co- 

 coons spun up by the caterpillars. 



The second brood of caterpillars was comparatively insignifi- 

 cant, owing to the effectiveness of the parasites. 



—7 



