INTRODUCTION. 1 9 



ibrovvn pigment. The inamlibles are well developed and are often 

 obtusely toothed ; the maxillae are almost contiguous to the 

 Jabium and have a short angular internal process which carries 

 the small palpus, composed ot two or three joints ; the mentum 

 is large and scarcely separable from the labium, being furnished 

 with two very short two-jointed pal])i. The antennae are usually 

 absent, being represented merely by a small prominence near the 

 base of the mandible bearing a single hair ; but occasionally a 

 minute two-jointed antenna is present. The larvae are normally 

 blind, but the external feeders have one, two or three ocelli. 

 The three thoracic segments are rather more developed than the 

 abdominal ones, and bear only a single pair of spii*acles, which 

 are situated on the prothorax, though occasionally they occur on 

 the mesothorax. Of the nine abdominal segments, there is a 

 pair of spiracles on each of the first eight ; in the Calandrtn^e 

 ■alone is there a cbitinous termination to the ninth segiuent. 



t: 



Fig. 10. — Early stages of Ehynchophorui^ fcrnii/innts, Oliv. : a, pupa., ventral 

 view ; b, larva, lateral view. 



In the curved sedentary larvae the structure of the body seg- 

 ments is in no way remarkable, but in those forms which inhabit 

 galleries in the stems of plants (e.g. Lixus) or make mines in 

 the parenchyma of leaves (e.g. Rliyncluenus) the body is usually 

 hairy and the segments frequently bear callosities or tubercles 

 (both dorsally and ventrally) set with short bristles, \\iiich enable 

 the larva to move backwards and forwards in its galleiy. These 

 larvae are never curved and generally they are more narrowed 

 posteriorly. 



Hahils and Life- Histories. 



So far as is known at present, all Curculionid.^, both in the 

 larval and adult stages, feed only on vegetable substances; but 

 Mr. C. F. C. Beeson, Imperial Forest Zoologist at Dehra Dun, 



c2 



