AVERNER MARCHAND 45 



Chrysops larva with that of Hcsmatopola (Plate 5, Figs. 73 and 74), 

 and found the syphon much more elongated in Chrysops. 



Beling (1882) is the first to- describe the pupa of a Chrysops, which 

 had been found at the edge of a brook. A Chrysops larva which 

 pupated became known first through Hart (1895). This larva re- 

 mains, until recently, the only one described. After Hart, our 

 knowledge is increased chiefly by Hine, especially with reference to 

 oviposition and egg stage, on which Patton and Cragg have also 

 made observations. The larvae and pupae of several African species 

 became known through Neave's work (1915). 



The little Chrysops pup^e have longer antennae, and the thoracic 

 spiracular prominence is more nearly in a vertical plane than in 

 Tabanus, its inner edge being more strongly elevated. The lower 

 free edge is crossed by sharp folds, making it serrated. In Chrysops 

 the abdominal spiracles are subcylindric near the apex; the spinose 

 fringes consist of long teeth only; and the terminal teeth are long 

 and rather narrow at the base. 



The distinguishing characteristics of the pupae are the following: 



"Antennae surpassing adjacent margin of head; fringes of abdomen of long 

 spines only; inner margin of thoracic spiracular prominences sharply elevated, 

 lower margin serrate-edged; abdominal spiracles slender, subcylindrical near 

 apex; size small." 



The eggs of Chrysops are deposited, as we learn from Hart, "in one 

 flat tier, forming an oval or diamond-shaped area, pointed at one or 

 both ends." We know, however, from Hine's observation on Chry- 

 sops celer, that there are exceptions to this rule and there are 

 species of Chrysops which oviposit in several layers after the fashion 

 of Tabanus. Most of the eggs of Chrysops are black, according to 

 Hine, and are placed in a single layer, but there are exceptions to 

 this, for the eggs of Chrysops celer are never darker in color than 

 brown, and are placed in at least three layers one upon the other. 



With regard to the habits of the pupal stage, Hine's observations 

 are of interest, as he saw around fresh water ponds myriads of pupa 

 skins of Chrysops with just the anterior end projecting above the 

 surface of the ground. 



The following are the notes which we possess on various species 

 of Chrysops, arranged alphabetically. 



