72 THE EARLY STAGES OF TABANID^ 



with a cushion-like prominence on the middle of the rounded part. The promi- 

 nence is often in the shape of a short thick cylinder, truncated at right angles, 

 bearing in the middle the vertically placed stigmatal fissure. Anus prominent 

 on the under side of the last segment. On the under side of the fifth to the elev- 

 enth segments inclusive are transverse locomotor swellings near the anterior 

 margin, forming six longitudinal rows, of which four on the ventral side are 

 arranged in two pairs, not far distant from one another, while in the outer rows 

 ridges are placed at a greater distance from one another and are also placed farther 

 back from the anterior segmental border. 



Scholtz (1850) reports having found the pupae of this species, to- 

 gether with those of Tahanus autumnalis and Tahanus tropicus, on 

 an excursion with Prof, von Siebold and Dr. von Frantzius in the 

 neighborhood of Breslau, in 1850, at the edge of a pond which was 

 entirely covered with Lemna, and the water of which was polluted 

 from manure piles surrounding it. Here the pupae were found 

 quite near the edge under a thick moist mass of decaying Lemna, 

 together with the pupae of Stratiomys , Syrphus, etc. 



A translation of Brauer's description (1869) is as follows: 



The pupa (Plate 6, Fig. 83, c, d) 15 mm. in length, slender, with no spines at 

 the anterior end, bearing here only two small tubercles. The wing and leg 

 cases do not extend beyond the first abdominal segment; the second to tenth 

 abdominal segments bear a circular armam.ent of bristles, the last segment end- 

 ing with a thick and only slightly diverging fork which is more or less embedded 

 in the cast larval skin. 



From Brauer's pupa there appeared, after two weeks, a male of 

 the species in question. 



More precise in detail is the description given by Ferris (1870), 

 obtained from the cast pupal skin: 



The pupa (Plate 6, Fig. 82, /, g) presents all the parts of the perfect insect. 

 The organs of the head can be guessed rather than seen. Two frontal tubercles 

 (trouques), surmounted by a bristle, seem to be the cases for the antennal bases; 

 two other oblique tubercles overlapping with their borders, in the region of the 

 mouth, seem to hide the palpi. Between these two tubercles and those pre- 

 ceding them two patterns are formed by small elevated lines, the upper ones 

 forming a parenthesis, and the lower ones a sort of brace. Exterior to these 

 patterns there exists, on both sides, a transversely triangular prominence, with 

 its summit overlapping a little the border of the head. I (Perris) consider these 

 prominences, to judge from their location and form, as the cases for the distant 



