110 THE EARLY STAGES OF TABANID.E 



of head-capsule between bases of antennae slightly elevated, rounded, fairly 

 rugose, and not carinate or divided below; abdominal armature moderately strong, 

 distinctly biserial laterally." 



No illustrations are given. 



Tabanus fraternus Macqiiart. — An African species, but uncommon 

 in so damp and well vi^ooded a locality as Mt. Mlanje, where a single 

 female was bred by Neave on December 16, 1914, from a locally 

 collected larva, which was not recognized as distinct from that of 

 Tabanus tcBniola. 



The pupal aster (Plate 15, Fig. 182, a, b) resembles that of Tabanus 

 maculatissimus in having a small papilla on each side of the midline. 

 The dorsolateral comb consists of only a small number of spines, 

 which though rather long are fairly stout. The pupal aster and 

 dorsolateral comb of the female are illustrated. 



Tabanus fronto Osten Sacken. — -This American species has been 

 recorded from North and South Carolina, Texas, and Florida. We 

 know nothing of its egg-laying habits, but the species has been bred 

 repeatedly from larvae, by Brimley, in Raleigh, North Carolina. The 

 larvae of this species occurred freely in the soil in Brimley's garden, 

 in a comparatively dry locality situated on the crest between two 

 water sheds, the nearest permanent water being at least a quarter 

 of a mile away. These larvae are described as white with pale brown 

 transverse bands, and transform into pupae in June or July, and into 

 flies some two or three weeks later. The earliest date on which an 

 adult emerged was July 4, which is also the earliest date on which 

 Brimley has seen the species in the fields. Two larvae, which had 

 been preserved in alcohol, were yellower than the trimacidatus larva 

 described by Brimley, but showed no trace of the pale brown bands 

 which exist in life. The largest of the two measured 36 mm. long, 

 and was taken July 5, while the smaller one was ZZ mm., taken on 

 March 31. Both, as also the preserved trimaculatus (?) larva, were 

 well, but not abnormally, extended. 



The only pupa reported of this species was found by Brimley under 

 a stone in his back yard. 



Although horse-flies do not generally breed away from water, 

 Tabanus fronto seems to be an exception, as larvaa have been taken in 



