The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 839 



glabrata, L. nodicornis). The larvae of this group are usually bright green in color, are 

 variously armo 1 with spines and filaments, and bear a striking resemblance to the caterpillars 

 of certain Lepidoptera. 



Dolichopezini: In decaying wood (Brachj/premna dispellens); underneath the moss 

 Hedirigia albicans, but also in moist earth (Oropeza). 



Ctenophorini : In decaying wood {Clenophora apicata and others); in wood that is but 

 slightly decayed (Tanyptera). The species of the latter genus bore into the wood of Acer 

 and other hardwood trees while it is still in a good state of preservation, and represent the 

 maximum development of the wood-boring habit in this family so far as is known to the writer. 



Tipulini: Aquatic, but going to the land for pupation {Tipula abdominalis, T. cayuga, 

 T. tephrocephala, and others); semi-aquatic or amphibious {Holorusia rubiginosa, Longurio, 

 Tipida bella, T. sayi, T. strepens, T. tricolor, and others); under moss growing on moist 

 earth {Tipula nobilis, T. collaris, and others); in drier soil feeding on the tissue of plants 

 (Tipida tdtima, T. bicornis, T. cunclans, Nephrotoma ferruginea, and others); imder bark 

 of prostrate trees in an advanced state of decay (Tipula usitata, T. trivittaia, and others). 

 The green larvae of an undetermined Tipula (possibily T. iroquois) live in submerged 

 mosses (Hypnum, sens, lat.) in rapid-flowing streams where the current is very strong; 

 here they are associated with a society which is characteristic of such places — may-flies 

 (Iron fragilis), black-flies (Simulium), net-winged midges (Blepharocera), Stratiomyiidae, 

 Anthomyiidae, Limnophora torreyae, and a host of other forms. 



The larva of the crane-fly has a segmented body, with about twelve 

 apparent segments; the head is a composite of several small sclerites. The 

 larva is wormlike in appearance and is legless, and the head is capable of 

 retraction within the body except in the Ptychopteridae and the Rhyphidae. 

 At the caudal end of the body is the disk bearing the two spiracles, or 

 stigmata. Except in the Limnobiini this disk is surrounded by a varying 

 number of fleshy lobes — two in the Pediciini (fig. 122, e), four in many 

 of the Tipulinae, the Cylindrotominae (fig. 122, g), the Antochini, and the 

 Hexatomini (fig. 122, f), five in the Eriopterini, the Limnophilini (fig. 

 122, d), and many of the Tipulinae, and sLx or eight in other species. 

 Beneath the spiracular disk are the gills, usually four or six in number. 

 These are long and filiform in the aquatic species (fig. 122, i), and cor- 

 respondingly reduced or entirely absent in the less aquatic and the ter- 

 restrial species. In the Ptychopteridae (fig. 122, a) the spiracles are borne 

 at the tip of a long, extensile tube, which is raised above the surface film 

 while the larva feeds at will beneath the water; the gills, two in number, 

 are about midlength of the tube. The larva of Trichocera has a pair of 

 thoracic stigmata in addition to the caudal spiracles. 



In many crane-fly larvae the body is provided with fleshy transverse 

 folds, which are armed with chitinized points and roughened areas to 

 assist in locomotion. These are best developed in the Pediciini (fig. 122, e), 

 in which they resemble pseudopodia. The larvae of the Cylindrotominae 

 (fig. 122, h) are covered with spines and thorns of various shapes. 



