The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 847 



The mouth parts and the head capsule of the Diptera have been studied 

 recently by Peterson (1916). The following summary of the mouth parts 

 is taken largely from his paper: 



The maxillae are the paired organs lying below the labrum and above 

 the labium, one on either side. In generalized forms, such as Trichocera, 

 they consist of a small triangular cardo, an elongate stipes bearing the 

 needle-like galea, and the palpus. The maxillary palpi are primitively 

 five-segmented but in almost all crane-flies only four segments are apparent ; 

 in certain cases the reduction in segments is rather extreme; this is dis- 

 cussed more in detail below. In the Limnobiini (Limnobia, Geranomyia) 

 the stipites are entad of the postgenae and have their proximal ends 

 united. In the Tipulini (Tipula) the two stipites are completely united 

 along their inner margin to form a single median plate. The galeae are 

 prominent in Trichocera, but are very reduced in Geranomyia and are 

 entirely lacking in Tipula. 



The labium, or lower lip, is the ventral, or posterior, unpaired organ. 

 It consists of a basal immovable part, made up of the mentum and the 

 suhmentum, and a movable part, or ligula, the basal scle rites of which 

 are called by Peterson the thecae, the furcae, and so on, and the distal 

 parts the glossae and the paraglossae. 



The epipharynx lies behind the labrum and fuses with it to form the 

 lahrum-epipharynx. The hypopharynx is the prolonged cuticular lining 

 of the opposite side of the mouth cavity. In such genera as Trichocera, 

 Limnobia, and Tipula, studied by Peterson, the labrum-epipharynx and 

 the hypopharynx are short, but in Geranomyia, which has an elongate 

 rostrum, these parts are correspondingly elongated. 



There are two tribes containing one or more genera in which the mouth 

 parts are greatly elongated, being in many instances longer than the 

 remainder of the body. In the tribe Limnobiini the genus Geranomyia is 

 thus characterized, and in the tribe Antochini the genera Elephantomyia, 

 Rhampholimnobia, Ceratocheilus, and Toxorhina. These may be dis- 

 cussed briefly. 



In Geranomyia (fig. 124, a) the most evident parts of the beak are 

 styliform and greatly elongated, consisting of the labrum-epipharynx, the 

 hypopharynx, and the conspicuous divergent lips, the paraglossae, which 

 extend far beyond the other ekniients; the maxillary palpi are located 

 far back on the organ at about one-third its length, and are reduced in 



