The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 867 



its fork and breaking away from M3 at the distal end of the cell; this 

 long fusion with M3 is the rule in the subfamily Limnoljiinae, but is very 

 unusual in the TipuUnae, the South African genus Leptotipula being 

 almost the only instance known. In some groups the deflection hes 

 far before the fork of the media, as in the transient fusions of Nephrotoma 

 (Plate XLIV, 198 and 202) and DoHchopeza (Plate XLIII, 187) or the 

 longer fusions of many Gonomyia (Plate XXXVI, 89 and 90) and other 

 genera. In the highly specialized condition obtaining in Orimarga and even 

 more accentuated in the tropical -American genus Diotrepha, the deflection 

 of Cui is retreated far toward the wing base, so that in the latter genus 

 the fusion of Cui with M is about half the length of the entire wing. On 

 the other hand, Cui may unite with M3 far out toward the tip of the wing, 

 (as in Trichocera, Plate XLI, 165 and 166), so that Cui extends beyond 

 M and is connected with it by the ni-cu cross-vein, which here runs 

 longitudinally and simulates a section of one of the longitudinal veins. 

 In the great majority of crane-flies, the fork of the cubitus is so deep 

 that the branch Cih is longer than the deflected part of Cui; in some 

 species of Limnophila (Plate XXXVIII, 113), however, and also and 

 especially in the tribe Hexatomini (Plate XXXVII, 104 and 105), the 

 condition is usually reversed and it is Cih that is the shorter element of 

 the fork. Cih is usually free at the wing margin, but in most Old World 

 species of Trentepohlia and in one species of Dicranomyia it is fused with 

 the first anal vein for a varying distance back from the tip. 



The anal veins {1st A, 2d A, fig. 128) comprise in the generalized 

 wing three simple veins, as apparently shown in the fossil genus Cladoneura; 

 a single anal vein is found in the Ptychopteridae and in most of the 

 Tanyderidae, and there are two in all the Tipulidae and in the fossil 

 Ibanyderid genus Etoptychoptera Handlirsch. The anal veins are simple 

 in all native forms; the second one is forked in the South African genus 

 Podoneura, in some species of Styringomyia, and in abnormal specimens 

 of Helobia. As indicated by Needham (1908), if the second anal vein 

 found in Helobia (Plate XXXVII, 98) and that in Trichocera (Plate XLI, 

 165) were united, the condition would be remarkably like what is found in 

 Podoneura, and the condition in these genera may have been brought 

 about by the loss of the anterior l^ranch of the fork in Trichocera and 

 the posterior branch in Helol)ia. In the Tipulini and some other tribes 

 there is a strong vein lying close beneath Cu and often quite removed 



