The Crane-Flies of New York — Part 1 873 



hicornis group (Tipula parshleyi, T. morrisoni, T. hicornis, T. megaura, 

 T. johnsoniana) ; moderate in size and more or less cylindrical, as in the 

 valida group (T. valida, T. hirsuta) and the umhrosa group {T. umbrosa, 

 T. monticola, T. triton, T. mingwe, T. tuscarora); or broad, rectangular, 

 and very flattened, as in the oleracea group (T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, 

 T. sulphurea) and the tephrocephala group (T. tephrocephala, T. cayuga). 

 The inner pleural appendage varies in shape, but usually it has a heavily 

 chitinized, spht apex jutting cephalad into the notch of the ninth tergite. 



The penis guard and the gonapophyses vary in size and shape. In 

 some species, as Tipula tuscarora, they are small and shaped like a trident; 

 in other species {T. triton, T. johnsoniana) the gonapophyses are very large 

 and prominent, and subtend the penis guard. The central vesicles from 

 which the penis arises arc often veiy large. In many species the penis is 

 very long and slender, and when exserted is equal to half the length of 

 the entire abdomen. 



In many species the eighth sternite is not at all produced and is unarmed 

 {Tipula angustipennis, T. senega, T. serta, T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, 

 T. sulphurea) ; in other species it is provided with prominent chitinized 

 spines on either side, which are decussate {T. tuscarora, Plate LIII, 328), 

 or with large to small tufts of silvery hairs on either side of the median 

 line, these often surrounding one or two small bristles (7". monticola, 

 T. triton, T. mingwe, T. suhmaculata) , or with fleshy lobes (T. australis, 

 Plate LIII, 326, T. umhrosa, T. valida). In the generalized members 

 of the South American monilijera group {T. exilis, T. andalgala, and 

 others) the sternite bears a prominent tripartite appendage. 



In several species the ninth tergite is fused with the ninth sterno-pleurite 

 so that the entire ninth segment forms a continuous ring, as in Tipula 

 ultima (Plate LIII, 333), T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, T. sidphurea. 



The Limnobiinae: In the limnobiine forms the pleurites are prominent 

 and have their appendages elevated above the level of the ninth sternite 

 and the ninth tergite ; these appendages are very often decussate or contig- 

 uous, work transversely across the genital chamber, and act as claspers 

 by direct, pincer-like contact. In the genus Geranomyia (fig. 130, a) and 

 others, the ventral pleural appendages are generally soft and fleshy, and 

 the dorsal pleural appendages are sharp, more or less curved, chitinized 

 hooks. In Gonomyia (fig. 130, b) the appendages are very complex in the 



