The Ckane-Flies of New Yokk — Part I 877 



region. Conosin irrorata is another wide-ranging species, being found in 

 almost all of eastern xVfrica, in southern Asia as far north as Japan, and 

 thence eastward to Australia. Nephrotoma fcrruginea, one of the com- 

 monest of the local forms, ranges over the whole North American con- 

 tinent. The majority of species, however, have a very much more 

 restricted range, the crane-fly fauna of eastern America being largely 

 confined to that region, while the crane-flies found west of the Rocky 

 Mountains are almost all distinct from those of eastern America. Natural 

 barriers, such an large bodies of water, deserts, and mountains, serve to 

 limit and restrict the range of the species. 



The presence of moisture is almost a necessity in crane-fly develop- 

 ment, and conscciuently the species as adults occur in the vicinity of 

 water, either running, standing, stagnant, permanent, or temporary. 

 No species confined to sandy or arid conditions are known to the writer, 

 the nearest approach being in Helobia, Trimicra, and Empedomorpha. 

 A few typical situations are here outlined and the more constant inhabi- 

 tants of these haunts listed: 



1. Species inhabiting swampy (holophytic) situations: either grass swamps with httle 

 woody elements entering in — Dicranomyia longipennis, Erioptera graphica, E. parva, 

 Stygeropis fuscipennis, Tipula sayi, T. tricolor; or bush swamps with a certain shrubby 

 element such as Alnus, Spiraea, and the like — Biltacomorpha davipes, Ptychoptera rufo- 

 cincta, Addphomyia cayuga, Limnophila fasciolata, Rhamphidia mainensis, Tipula dejeda, 

 T. sulphurea, Tricyphona inconstans, T. paludicola. 



2. Species inhabiting wet meadows or grasslands, and found along the (usually) grassy 

 bajiks of streams not nccessarilj' in deep shade — Protoplasa fitchii, Gcranomijia canadensis, 

 G. rostrala, Antocha scxicola, Toxorhina muliebris, Rhamphidia flavipes, Atarha pidicornis, 

 Erioptera chlorophylla, E. siraminea, E. vespertina, E. caloptera, E. armcda, E. venusta, 

 Gnophomyia tristissi7na , Conomyia sacandaga, G. alexandcri, G. sulphurella, G. cognatdla, 

 G. subcinerea, G. noveboracensis, G. ynalhesoni, Rhabdomastix flava, Cryptolabis paradoxa, 

 Epiphragma jascipennis, Limnophila macrocera, L. unica, L. tenuipes, L. recondita, L. imbecilla, 

 L. luteipennis, L. inornala, L. quadrata, L. lenia, L. noveboracensis, Hexatoma megacera, Eriocera 

 fultonensis, E. longicornis, Nephrotoma ferruginea, N. incurva, N. pedimculata, N. tenuis, 



N. xanthostigma, N. eucera, Tipula anguslipennis, T. bella, T. caloptera, T. strepens, T. 

 duta, T. Jraterna, T. cundans, T. bicornis, T. parshleyi, T. tephrocephala, T. umbrosa. 



3. Species living under bog conditions (oxyloph3d;ic) , in proximity to Sphagnum — 

 Limnophila laricicola, Phalacroccra tipidina. 



4. Species inhabiting rocliy (Kthophytic) situations, usually clinging to the vertical faces 

 of cliffs, hidi:ig in crevices of the rocks, or resting on vegetation growing in such haunts — 

 Bittacomorphdla jonesi, Gercnovnjia canadensis, G. diversa, Dicramrmyia badia, D. stulta, 

 D. simulans, Limnophila mon'M7ia, T.icyphona auripennis, Oropcza, DoUchopeza americana, 

 Tipula macrolabis, T. senega; the species of Oropeza and DoUchopeza also lurk beneath 

 dark bridges and under culverts. 



5. Species Inhabiting open f^orges, foimd on the usually luxuriant vegetation of the talus 

 slopes and along the floor of the ravines — Dicranomyia morioides, D. monticola, Geranomyia 

 diversa, Limnophila cubitalis, Addphomyia minuta, Ula elegant, Tipula collaris, T. senega, 

 T. taughannock, T. fuliginosa, T. valida. 



