938 Charles Paul Alexander 



Genus Tipula Linnaeus ^ 



1758 Tipula Linn. Syst. Natur., vol. 10, p. 585. 



1864 Anomaloptera Lioy. Atti dell' Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 218. 

 1887 Oreomyza Pokorny. Wien. Ent. Ztg., vol. 6, p. 50. 



Tipula is the largest genus of crane-flies. It includes some six hundred 

 and fifty described species, found in most parts of the world and very 

 abundant on most of the continental areas but rare or lacking on many 

 of the smaller oceanic islands. Obviously such a group of very closely 

 related species presents considerable difficulty in classification. The keys 

 to the species of any region are so cumbersome as to be almost unworkable, 

 and yet it is very difficult to lessen this problem. In the present paper 

 the geographical area has been considerably restricted and the number of 

 included species is thus reduced. It is further reduced by the omission 

 of species that have not been definitely recognized since their original 

 characterization, thus eliminating species described by Walker, Macquart, 

 and others; the inclusion of these species in keys is altogether guesswork, 

 and it is far better to omit them until their types can be examined and 

 the determination made final. The species described by Say, Doane, and 

 Loew are fairly well known and very few of these are in doubt. 



In order to supplement the keys, practically all the species are figured. 

 In those forms having a characteristic wing pattern, it is the wing that 

 is shown; while in those that evince notable characters of the male 

 hypopygium, various parts of this organ are figured. In this genus, as 

 in many others, it is almost impossible to separate the females unless they 

 have been taken in copulation with the males. 



The life histories of species in th s genus are diverse, ranging from 

 strictly aquatic forms to those occurring in wet mud, in moist soil, and 

 in decaying wood. 



An attempt is herein made to divide the local species into groups, 

 the following characters being considered in making this division: 



Color characters, as in the collaris group, In which the body coloration is strikingly like that 

 in Nephrotoma, and the dimorphic groups {T. fuliginosa, T. annulicornis), with light-colored 

 males and brown or black females. 



Antennae, whether longer in the male than in the female, or short in both sexes. 



Win-gs: pubescence in the apical cells, as in the subgenera Trichotipula, Cinctotipula, 



and Odontotipula; the features of wing venation, such as the atrophy of the tip of vein Rz; 



the retention of the m-cu cross-vein and its position in regard to the fork of M; the shape of 



the cell 1st M:; the wing pattern, which divides the species into three groups, as follows; 



striatae, wings streaked longitudinally; 



marmoratae, wings cross-banded or spotted in various ways; 

 subunicolores, wings hyaline or unicolorous. 



