CONTENTS 



PAGE 



General considerations 704 



Representative crane-fly life histories 704 



Eriocera longicornis (Walk.) 704 



Cylindrotoma splenderis Doane 708 



Life activities of crane-flies 710 



The adult 710 



The egg '714 



The larva 715 



The pupa 719 



Enemies 721 



Predatory natural enemies 721 



Vertebrates 721 



Invertebrates 727 



Parasitic natural enemies 730 



External parasites 730 



Internal parasites 733 



Historical summary of the immature stages 735 



Economic importance 736 



Species affecting herbaceous plants 737 



Species affecting woody plants 739 



Methods of experimental procedure 740 



Collecting 740 



Killing and preserving 740 



Study 741 



Rearing 741 



Types of the immature stages 743 



External morphology 744 



The larva 744 



General features 744 



Body form 745 



Organs of respiration 746 



The spiracular disk 746 



Anal gills 748 



The head 748 



The pupa 752 



General features 752 



The head 753 



The thorax 754 



The abdomen 756 



Internal morphology ._ 758 



The digestive system 758 



Herbivorous larvae 758 



Carnivorous larvae 759 



Respiration and circulation 760 



The nervous system 762 



The reproductive system 762 



The muscular system 763 



The fat bodies, or adipose tissue 763 



The imaginal disks, or histoblasts 763 



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