The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 1017 



In Europe Bcling and others have described the hfe histories of about 

 ei<.ht of the' commoner species. The following species live m earth, 

 beneath a covering of leaf mold: analis (Schum.), cornicina (Lmn.), hneata 

 (Scop.) maculata (Meig.), lunulicornis (Schum.), pratensts (Lmn.). The 

 following have been described as living in decaying wood, some of the 

 records apparently being in error: cornicina (Linn.), crocata (Lmn.), 

 lineata (Scop.), qvadrifaria (Meig.). Some of the species are mjurious 

 to young seedlings, especially those of coniferous plants. 



In North America the commonest species, N.ferruginea (Fabr.), has 

 been discussed several times in its economic relations to agriculture. Hart 

 (1898 [1895]: 218-219) gives an excellent description of the immature 

 stages while Malloch (1915-17 b: 206) gives supplementary notes and 

 figures of the same species. The immature stages live in sand or earth. 

 N virescens (Loew) was bred from a larva found in moss on Plummers 

 Island Maryland, on April 5, 1913, by R. C. Shannon. N. eucera (Loew) 

 and N. polymera (Loew) have been reared from larvae taken under leaf 

 mold in woods by Mabel M. Alexander. 



