4 PREFACE. 



are known. These preparatory stages are often essential 

 to a proper understanding of the relation that species 

 bear to one another, besides adding much to the interest 

 of the study of butterflies. 



The locality represented in this work is shown on the 

 map on the opposite page, being all east of the western 

 boundaries of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, 

 and Louisiana, as indicated by the heavy line. This 

 differs a little from what is denominated the East- 

 ern or Atlantic Province on the zoo-geographical map 

 by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., in the third report of the 

 United States Entomological Commission, in that the 

 western boundary is by State lines, instead of following 

 a more sinuous line caused by variations of elevation, 

 etc., and the whole of Florida and the New England 

 States are included, but the portion of Canada included 

 in the map referred to is omitted here. For several 

 reasons it was found more convenient to take the bound- 

 aries as here given, making the field represented essen- 

 tially the same. 



I would gratefully acknowledge here the valuable aid 

 I have received from Mr. William H. Edwards, of Coal- 

 burgh, West Virginia, in the loan of specimens for 

 description, in the free use of his writings, from which 

 nearly all the descriptions of the preparatory stages have 

 been taken, in the use of advance-sheets of his new 

 catalogue of the "Butterflies of North America," for 

 the purpose of getting localities and arrangement of 

 species, and in many suggestions kindly given. Mr. C. 

 E. Worthington, of Chicago, also loaned me specimens 

 for description, thus aiding me much. I wish to 

 acknowledge also the aid and encouragement I have 



