24 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



and ridges, often continued along the abdomen. The 

 ventral part contains cases for the wings, antennae, 

 tongue, palpi, and legs. The wing-cases extend back 

 several joints on the abdomen, often as far as the pos- 

 terior edge of the fifth joint. Between the wing-cases, 

 and extending back varying distances, are four other 

 cases, the centre the tongue-case, next cases for the an- 

 terior pair of legs, next cases for the middle pair, and 

 outside of these the antennae-cases. The base of the 

 tongue-case is larger than that organ is, but the expan- 

 sion of this part is used as a covering for the palpi and to 

 fill up the space between the legs. The posterior pair of 

 legs are folded beneath the wings, and are not shown in 

 the chrysalis by any case. When the chrysalis has 

 become dry and hard, these cases are inseparable; but 

 when the larva skin is first cast off and the parts are soft, 

 they may be separated by a sharp-pointed instrument. 



The anterior part of the head may be rounded, but 

 more often it ends in two conical points or a single point. 

 Just back of this part, and near the base of the antennae, 

 is a smooth, crescent-shaped belt which corresponds in 

 position to the ocelli of the larva. The use of this is not 

 fully known, though it is without doubt a covering for 

 the eyes. Back of these parts, on what is called the pro- 

 notum, is often another elevation with ridges running 

 along the sides. In Limenitis there is a prominent, 

 rounded elevation back of the mesonotum. In some 

 species the elevations and depressions are too complicated 

 for general description. 



The abdomen is more or less conical, tapering towards 

 the anal joint, which ends in a complicated series of hooks 

 known as the cremaster. These hooks are fitted for 



