156 PROTECTIVE COLORING 



color and of markings has, therefore, direct 

 relations to its visibility, and it is in this later 

 period, even more than in the earlier, that we see 

 how completely colors which are protective have 

 established themselves. It is now that those ob- 

 lique streaks upon the sides of the body are apt to 

 show themselves, which, as Lubbock has pointed 

 out, diverge from the general line of the body at 

 much the same angle that the nervures of a leaf 

 part from the midrib. Often the color of these 

 streaks is graduated into the ground color in a 

 manner which closely resembles the shadows of 

 a raised vein upon a leaf, but it is only when we 

 examine such objects in free nature that we see 

 how perfect the deception becomes. 



As Lubbock has pointed out, longitudinal stripes 

 are very common markings, and are most common 

 and indeed almost universal upon such caterpillars 

 as feed upon grasses and other elongated forms of 

 vegetation, while they are comparatively rare upon 

 such as feed upon broad-leaved plants. This is 

 well exemplified by a comparison of the caterpillars 

 of our Satyrinae and Pamphilini with those of 

 most Vanessini, in the latter of which, though 

 longitudinal markings are not unknown, they are 

 almost invariably broken up or confused with 



