ABOUT CHRYSALIDS 235 



which hang freely there are some exceptions to this 

 rule, as is the case especially with the Satyrids, but 

 even here some angulations or little conical tuber- 

 cles may be discovered ; and, besides, the chrysalis 

 stage of such species is invariably passed in mid- 

 summer, and therefore is very brief. So far as I 

 am aware, every chrysalis which lives through the 

 winter, and whose body hangs at the mercy of the 

 wind, has its head protected as I have described ; 

 those which hang freely have always the two 

 frontal projections ; those which are also loosely 

 girt about the middle sometimes have the same, or 

 they may have the single extension in front. It is, 

 indeed, only by exception that any of our pendant 

 chrysalids pass the winter at all. So good an 

 observer as Rambur, whose observations were made 

 in Spain long ago, remarked : " Je ne connais, du 

 reste, aucune espece dont la chrysalide soit suspen- 

 due, qui passe I'hiver en cet etat." 



It may also be noticed that chrysalids' with 

 extraordinary projections or ridges in other parts 

 of the body all belong to the same free-moving 

 groups ; the greater the danger to the chrysalis 

 from surrounding objects, the greater its protection 

 by horny tubercles and roughened caUous ridges ; 

 the greater the protection possessed in other ways, 



