CONTENTS. 



XI 



Punishments for laziness 



The sick ;iud dyiiisr illireated 



Government of wasps and bees ... . • 



Wa-sps and humble-bees annually shift . 

 No subordination in their ooiiiinuaities • . 



Sentinel wasps ...*••• 



Rivalry among the females ....♦• 

 Females do not superintend swarming 

 Rivalry among the queens of the hive-bee 

 Observations of Huber ....•• 

 Battles of the (jueens ....••• 

 Experiments of Huber ...••• 

 Scliirach's discovery ,....•• 

 Verified by Huber and Dunb;ir . . . . • 



Queens produced frcim coiuinon gviibs . • • • 



Illustrated from ]>lants ....•• 

 Kxperimentsof Huber ....••• 

 Loyalty of bees .....•■ 



Experiments of Dr. Warder . . . . • 



The qneen's guard ....••• 

 Eeats of Wildman .,...•• 

 His explanation thereof ....•• 

 CHAPTER XIII.— Wars of Insect Communitiks. 



Wars of bees and wasps 



Descriptions by Pliny and Virgil .... 

 Sting of the bee .....••♦ 

 Poison of the bee ....••• 



Formidable attacks of bees 



Bee duels ...♦•••• 



Robber bees . ...•••• 



Watch bees appointed 



Robbery of wasps ...•••• 



Wars^of ti^rmites ...••••• 

 'Soldiers, a peculiar order ....•• 

 Oliservations of Smith and Smeathman 

 Ditftculty of observing Iheir proceedings 



Wars^of ants . . . • • .... 



Ancient records of ant battles 



Observations of Huber 



Experiments of J. R. . • • • • • • 



Battle between herculean and sanguine ants 



Each knows its own party 



Manoeuvrins of the sanguine ants .... 

 Contiguity not always a cause of war , . . . 



Ant expeditions to capture slaves . . . 



Discovery of slave-making ants by Huber 



Attacks several times renewed 



Tactics employed against the mining ant . 

 Experiments of J. R. ..••••• 

 [; Proceedings of the attacked ants .... 

 Tactics of the sanguine ants . . . . • 



Huber's narrative .... ',,,,/■ 



Circum.-tances partially known to Gould and White 

 The slave-making ants" never make prisoners of the old 

 Ant slaves not apparently miserable . . . • 



Warrior ants dislike labour 



Experiment of Huber ...♦•• 

 Observation uf LttUeille .••••• 



FAge 



o05 



ib. 



306 



ib. 



307 



ib. 



303 



309 



ib. 



310 



ib. 

 ib. 

 311 



ib. 

 313 

 310 

 317 

 318 



ib. 

 320 



ib. 

 32 i 



111 

 111 

 32 > 

 326 

 327 

 328 

 329 

 380 

 331 

 ib. 

 ib. 

 ib. 

 333 

 335 

 ib. 

 ib. 

 338 

 339 

 340 

 341 

 ib. 

 342 

 ib. 

 344 

 346 

 lb. 

 ib. 

 348 

 349 

 351 

 ib. 

 352 

 353 

 ib. 

 356 



