90 BRITISH APHIDES. 



Colour dark shining brown, approaching to black. 

 Form oval, flat, and carinated ; dorsum domed and 

 deeply marked by sutures. Eyes very small. Antennse 

 and legs very short, black or reddish. Nectaries repre- 

 sented by pale papillse with a central spot. Cauda 

 rudimentary. Body sparsely covered with a cottony 

 coat which is most developed at the tail end. Eostrum 

 very short, only reaching to the second coxae. The 

 generations from the queen Aphis differ much both in 

 form and size from their parent. They are of various 

 shades of red or warm brown, and are less flattened 

 and longer in the body. When first born they have a 

 most disproportionately long and stout rostrum pro- 

 truding far beyond the tail. This organ soon ceases 

 to grow, whilst the rest of the insect rapidly develops. 

 The insects, when adult, exude from their pores long 

 silky threads, which curve round a centre, and often 

 form long spiral filaments, under which they hide. 



I subjoin the substance of Hausman's remarks on 

 the habits of Schizoneiira lanigera. This species feeds 

 on the sap of the bark of the apple tree, Pyrus mains. 

 They live in dense companies and produce by the 

 incessant pricking of their beaks warty or spongy 

 swellings on the stems. Where the bark is hard, they 

 work under it, and insert their sucking tubes into the 

 softer parts, from whence they draw their nourishment. 



" The woody knots are caused by the increased flow 

 of the sap to these wounds. In the spring and early 

 summer, white cottony masses may be seen hanging in 

 lono; tufts from the branches of the trees in orchards. 

 Small twigs thus attacked produce stunted leaves and 

 fruit, and they often die." 



males and females. From a certain analogy that seems to exist, I have 

 usually styled her the Queen Aphis, inasmuch as like the queen bee 

 (Bomhiis ?), the queen wasp, and queen ant, she is the architect and also 

 the mother of the whole iDrood. Kaltenbach and Koch use the word 

 Stamviiitter, which Riley adopts in its strict translation " Stem- 

 mother." Founder or foundress does not well commend itself. M. 

 Lichtenstein uses the word fundatrix, which, though sufficiently explicit, 

 is rather uncouth in English. I propose, in a restricted sense. Queen 

 Aphis for the immediate issue from the egg. 



