106 BRITISH APHIDES. 



metres). They were so remarkable that I figure them 

 from the outlines furnished by Mr. Newman himself, 

 but necessarily much reduced from their natural size. 

 I also received from Mr. E. A. Fitch a mass of con- 

 torted galls gathered by him at Maiden in Essex. 



These galls take various shapes ; but no certain 

 inference, I think, can be made as to any diversity of 

 species simply from the different forms of their 

 habitations. When cut open these galls showed the 

 midrib and other veins of the leaf greatly modified 

 and expanded. At first we might be disposed to think 

 that the insect had eff'ected a separation of the upper 

 membrane of the leaf from the lower, but an examina- 

 tion of the interior of the gall shows that these veins 

 form a sort of framework of ribs to the whole cavity, 

 arching it over, and giving us more the idea that the 

 leaves had united at their edges to form the hollow 

 spaces. The interior is lined, as is also the outside, 

 with a velvet-like ipile, and the walls of the cavity are 

 more or less blown up into hemispherical bubbles. 



The second winged forms, which appear late in the 

 autumn, and which probably produce the perfect 

 sexes, are smaller than the winged females, which 

 appear early in June. The former only are figured in 

 the above-mentioned plate. 



The occurrence of Sehizoneura lanuginosa in England 

 is more plentiful in some years than in others. During 

 the cold wet season of 1879 scarcely an example could be 

 found on those Elms which usually formed their resort. 



Bonnet noticed these galls more than one hundred 

 years ago, and tells us that in his time they were em- 

 ployed in Persia, China, and the Levant, under the 

 name of " baizonges," to assist in extracting the scarlet 

 dye from the cochineal insect. Bonnet showed that 

 these " vessies " were produced by an Aphis, and not 

 by a Cynips or gall-fly as supposed. 



Passerini remarks, with reference to the liquid 

 obtained from these pseudo-galls, " Rustici nostri 

 liquore gummoso-saccharino in gallis collecto utuntur 



