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PREFACE. 



The Tortricina form a large group of Microlepidoptera corilprising 

 Bpecies mostly of small size with oblong-triangular forewings and tra- 

 pezoidal or (seldom) elongate-ovate hindwings ; head roughened with 

 dense erect scales ; eye glabrous ; tongue usually developed ; antenna 

 under 2/3 ; maxillary palpus rudimentary or obsolete ; labial palpus 

 with second segment usually more or less rough -scaled, terminal seg- 

 ment short ; hind tibia with all spurs developed ; forewing with vein 

 1* furcate, 1'' usually developed, 3, 4 and 5 more or less approximated, 

 an accessory cell often well-marked ; hiudwing with frenulum, vein 1"^ 

 usually present, 6 and 7 usually approximated or stalked, 8 approxi- 

 mated to anterior half of upper margin of cell, sometimes connected 

 with it and then diverging. 



Over 4,000 species of Tortricina have been described and of these 

 several hundred are known to occur in the Indian Region where, how- 

 ever, they have been little collected as yet and undoubtedly very many 

 await discovery. Many are rarely met with in the adult state but may 

 be bred freely when their life-histories are. known. The habits of the 

 larva; are various but they nearly always live concealed within rolled 

 leaves (whence the name Tmtrix, from the larval habit of twisting up 

 leaves) or within leaves or shoots spun together or within shoots, stems, 

 flower-heads, seedpods, fruits, or in roots. From an economic point 

 of view, this is an important group including many well-known Crop 

 Pests. 



The Phaloniadse form one of the four Families into which ihe Tor- 

 tricina are divided. To the student with some knowledge of this gioup 

 a glance at the superficial appearance of an unknown species is usually 

 sufficient to decide on its Family. The genitalic characters ofler a guide 

 and have been investigated chiefly by Pierce {Genitalia of the Tortri- 

 cidae: 1922) in the case of the British species and by Heinrich (f/. (S. 

 Nat. Mus. Bull. 123 (1923) and 132 (1926) ) in the case of the North- 

 American EucosmidiBi Unfortunately, neither of these methods ren- 

 ders much help to the student who has not the previous knowledge or 

 may have only a female specimen. Also, although the FamiHes are 

 natural and well-marked, they are (in Heinrich's words as applied to the 

 Eucosmida;) " much easier to recognize than to desc;ribe in categorical 

 terms ", as they each include exceptional modifications in strurture 

 usually characteristic of one or more of the other Families. The follow- 

 ing key to the Families is offered only as an attempt to help the student : 



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