42 Forestry Quarterly 



directly in destroying forest growth as indirectly by spoiling the 

 soil, inducing sour humus formation through cold and wetness, 

 inimical to tree growth. The existence of former forest growth 

 is attested b}^ the buried logs and trees. Hence protection against 

 the winds and proper fertilization to prevent sour humus forma- 

 tion are needed in reforesting these areas. 



Ueber tmgunstige Einfliisse von Wind und Freilage. auf unsere Boden- 

 kuliur. AUgeineine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, Nov. 1905. p. 365 flf 



ROADS AND SURVEYS. 



A trial survey to determine the proper 

 Cost of Survey cost of surveys in the Alps was made in 

 m the Canton Bern, to determine what sub- 



Alpbie Regions. ventions from the federal government 

 would be required. The surveyor's wages 

 in the field were $3. 20, in the office $2.40. The area surveyed was 

 a little over 26000 acres, varying from 2500 to 9000 feet in eleva- 

 tion, over which a triangulation with one point to every 115 acres 

 existed. In the valley portions the regular polygonometric 

 methods were employed ; in the higher elevations, with slopes of 

 30 to 50°, the direct line measuring was supplanted by the use 

 of stadia (Reichenbach's) with a telescope of 34 magnification 

 and fixed threads, verified once a month, which method after 

 trials was found satisfactory. A special slide rule for reducing 

 the oblique distances was used. 



In the valley where all fine methods were used, a degree of 

 accuracy of .04% was attained, while the stadia work showed 

 average errors in closing of .063%, up to .08% where steepest 

 slopes were included, a very satisfactory degree of accuracy for 

 a scale of 20T0 to ^^tj-^t- ^^ is believed that with a telescope of 

 40 magnification, satisfactory results for a scale of y^o could 

 be obtained. In the higher altitudes the making of contours 

 was dispensed with as useless and disproportionately expensive. 

 But rocks, runs, small areas of forest growth, etc. , were taken by 

 a photogrammetric method and noted on the map. 



The cost, not including triangulation and setting of boundary 

 posts, was found for a scale of 1:1000 as $1.50, for a scale of 

 1:2000 as $1.04, for a scale of 1:4000-5000 as 22}^ cents, or in 

 the average round 50 cents per acre. Since during the progress 



