Periodical Literature 43 



of the work the best methods had to be found, this cost is be- 

 lieved to be relatively high. 



Ueber die Ergebnisse der Probevermessungen imKanton Bern. Schwei. 

 zerische Zeitschrift fiir Forstwesen. Nov. 1905, pp. 279-281. 



SILVICUIvTURE, PROTECTION, AND EXTENSION. 



The continued preference for spruce for 



Pure planting in Switzerland, leading to pure 



Spruce Forest. spruce forest, induces Mr. Fankhauser, by 



word and picture, to point out the danger 

 of windfall. It is also pointed out that single firs and beeches are 

 soon overtopped by the rapid spruce, and that even groups of 40 

 to 50 are apt to vanish in time, considering that in a plantation 

 of 2600 only one in ten survives to felling age. 



In the pictures illustrating the results of a tornado in a 70-year 

 old stand, curiously enough the spruce are mostly not uprooted 

 but broken at 4 to 10 m. above ground, an experience repeated 

 elsewhere, which leads to the conclusion that the rapid growth 

 in its use produces a brash wood in the spruce. The resistance 

 during the same storm of the beech and fir adds to the argument 

 for mixed forest. ' ' Properly mixed forest of trees of different 

 ages can alone guarantee greatest possible safety against dangers 

 (in the Alps), besides most valuable yields." 



Reine Fichtenbestdnde. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fiir Forstwesen. De- 

 cember, 1905. pp. 307-311. 



A thoughtful article by Ktter points out 

 Silviculture that, owing to the drying effects of both 



on sun and wind, site quality deteriorates on 



Different Aspects. the different aspects from North through 

 South to West. Hence species making 

 demands on humidity of soil and air are excluded from use on 

 south and west slopes. On such exposures, occupied by open 

 pine forests, natural regeneration is usually excluded. Here the 

 task is to create conditions which will not only preserve soil mois- 

 ture but improve soil conditions by self-manuring through intro- 

 duction of shady species, /. e., underplanting with beech, merely 

 as soil-cover. The poorer the site, the more care is required in 

 planting. Planting with ball of both beech and pine is advo- 



