140 Forestry Quarterly 



etationso in the lower, a series from the tolerant to the intolerant 

 plants can be constructed, with some exceptions which seem inde- 

 pendent of degrees of light. The most shade enduring were 

 Carex silvatica, Litzida albida, Anemone nemorosa, Derttaria 

 bulbifera, Oxalis acetosella, Viola silvestris, Asperula odorata, 

 with which in lesser number were associated Cyclamen eiiropaenm, 

 Symphytum tuberosum, Galeopsis speciosa, Stachys silvatica, Ver- 

 onica montajia, Lactuca muralis. Especially Dentaria bulbifera 

 and Asperula odorata were found significant gangers of light in- 

 tensity, vanishing or at least decreasing in number and develop- 

 ment when a certain degree of light intensity was exceeded. 



At the opposite end of the series, some 33 species could be 

 enumerated, with true grasses Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae 

 in preponderance, especially Poa and Festuca, also Carex and 

 Luzula in dense sod-forming growth, strong competitors with 

 arborescent regeneration. Furthermore, Hieracium, Picris, Leon- 

 todon, several thistles, Eupatorium, and Rumex are characteristic 

 of the open beech forest. 



Some elements of the soil flora avoid the most open situations, 

 less on account of too great light intensity than on account of 

 changed soil conditions, especially deficiency of humus. The 

 beech regeneration, even in severely thinned areas remained 

 insignificant in number and poor, retrograding in time. The 

 closing-up of crowns produced in the herb vegetation not so much 

 a reduction in numbers as in species, the composition becoming 

 simpler, with Carex silvatica most persistent. The greatest 

 change in six years was most noticeable in the most open area, 

 both in number of species and individuals, the light intensity 

 having changed here most. 



Carex silvatica and Fagus apparently having similar light re- 

 quirements, the difficulty of regeneration in the presence of the 

 former is pointed out ; the Carex vegetation becoming all-power- 

 ful and interfering greatly. 



Under the Austrian Pine, a light-needing species, the difference 

 of the vegetation in the different areas was found much less de- 

 veloped, the number of species from the denser to more open posi- 

 tion showing the series 10, 15, 14, 16. And here the opposite 

 from the beech forest occurs, the number of species which are 

 found only in the most open areas is the smallest. In other 

 words in stands of intolerant species even a small opening-up of 

 crowns will call forth a soil vegetation which through further 



