i6o Forestry Quarterly 



the close stand, between which extremes all other forms can be 

 interpolated as functions of the density. 



Ueber den Einfluss verschiedener Durchforstungsgrade auf die Schaft- 

 formder Fichte. Centralblatt fiir das gesamtnte Forstweseu, Jan., 1906, 

 pp. 26-29. 



German forests are not wholly lacking in 



Time spruce stands which show the effects of 



of early and of tardy beginning in thinnings 



Thinning. quite as strikingly as was revealed to 



Schwappach in Bohemia. From reviers of 

 which he himself has had charge, Dr. Martin draws examples 

 both of delayed thinning where an even-aged stand had an ex- 

 cessive number of stems and the increment had fallen to nearly 

 zero in the fourth decade, and of most uneven growth with trees 

 of widely different diameter, the dominant growing very vigor- 

 ously, and rapidly exterminating the oppressed. 



These examples are cited, however, because, by reason of the 

 local demand for smaller sortiments, the denser even-aged stand 

 was held to be the more valuable and yielded the more important 

 product. Market conditions widely different from the Bohemian, 

 but rather general throughout Germany, called for a different 

 practice in thinning. Thinning has no existence except in re- 

 lation to the broader aim of management ; knowing the end in 

 view principles are guide boards and its practices, roads, and 

 choice between them is not only profitable but necessary. 



Die Regelung des Wach^raums bei der Bes^rihidutis; tuid Durchforsiung 

 von Fichtenbestdnden. Zeitschrift fiir Forst und Jagdwesen, July, 1905, pp. 

 419427. 



The desire for rapidly growing trees for 

 Propagation certain purpo.ses, as for instance matchwood, 

 of gunpowder, etc. , has led to the growing of 



Poplar Aspen {Poptiliis treniula) and other poplars 



in some of the German forest districts. It 

 has been found that the use of cuttings does not lead to satisfac- 

 tory results, and hence seedlings have been substituted. Mr. 

 Thaler describes the method of raising these. The seed is gath- 

 ered in cloudy weather, shortly after the opening of the seed 

 capsules, about May 20. Only the seed which contains a small 



