Periodical Literature. 21 5 



of heather and huckleberry in the pine forest, mixing with shady de- 

 ciduous species or spruce is the remedy. Underplanting with beech 

 is good, but expensive. "If such care is exercised, which, to be sure, 

 makes great demands on the manager, the soil will be kept in such 

 condition as to make regeneration by natural as well as by artificial 

 means easy," and especially by developing larger crowns (1-4 to 1-3 

 of the shaft length) better seeds will be secured. Examples to show 

 the dependence of the character of the crown on the quality and 

 quantity of the seed and the results in the regeneration are adduced. 



Again, the author accentuates the difficulty of securing desirable 

 natural regeneration, which he desires to see accomplished in groups, 

 beginning by opening up over volunteer growth, avoiding any reg- 

 ular opening up, but enlarging the groups gradually and planting 

 in where natural regeneration does not find appropriate conditions. 



In deteriorated soil conditions of the pine forest, he advocates the 

 use of fire, hoeing off the surface, burning it in heaps, mixing the 

 ash with the soil, and sowing pine and spruce and larch. The great- 

 er expense, the author claims, is repaid by the fine development of 

 the growth which closes in a few years. 



He formulates his advice as follows: 



(1) Natural regeneration is to be employed wherever it can be 

 successfully done. 



(2) Artificial reforestation is to be done by sowing wherever 

 possible. Especially the light-needing species, which as a rule have 

 also deep-growing roots, are to be so regenerated. For conifer sow- 

 ings broadcast sowing with 14 lbs. to the acre is preferable. 



(3) If possible, the artificial regeneration should be started un- 

 der the shade of the overholders, and under such conditions planting 

 is also successful. Or else, in spruce, the clearing is to be made in 

 narrow strips. 



(4) If clearing cannot be avoided, then at least the areas should 

 be kept small. 



(5) Always, even with conifers, secure mixed forest. 



The author admits that over large areas planting cannot be avoid- 

 ed. He reviews the history of planting, which would show that the 

 practice has become general only since the 80's, since when spruce 

 especially has been planted in large quantities, and further increase 

 in this direction is predicted. Commercial nurseries have supplied 

 the plant material at lowest prices ($2 per 1,000 transplanted 4- to 

 5-year old spruce at Halstenbeck). Planting with the ball of earth, 

 which was extensively practiced in the 40's and 50's, is almost for- 



