Periodical Literature. 217 



ash, inclined to forking and growing slowly with open crown in shal- 

 low cultivation, produces fine stands when the ground is deeply 

 plowed and densely sowed. Under similar treatment oak will 

 furnish a dense stand over 12 feet high in seven years. Scotch Pine 

 plantations respond similarly favorably to such deep cultivation. 



The surface plow makes a shallow furrow, turning over a balk on 

 each side; it is run so shallow that the humus surface cover remains 

 as much as possible in the furrow. The furrows are run north and 

 south in order to utilize the protection of the balks against frost. 



The underground plow stirs up the soil in the furrow to the depth 

 of 10 to 12 inches. Naturally soil conditions influence the applic- 

 ability and the cost of this method. 



The underground plow in the market under the name of Eckert 

 has in many cases proved undesirable, but by a mere substitution of 

 a disk (2 feet in diameter) and two wheels, for the coulter knife, 

 Thaler has so improved the utensil that it has become more gener- 

 ally useful. These improvements lift the plow over impediments, 

 and only two, rarely three horses are required to work the under- 

 ground plow. A forked chain attached to the stem and two front 

 wheels, which can be regulated as to length, give a steadier motion 

 to the plow. 



The surface plowing with two horses and two men, making the 

 furrows 1 m. apart and 16 inches broad costs about $2 per acre; the 

 work of the underground plow with three horses and three men, 

 going 12 inches deep, about $3 per acre. In another case where only 

 two horses were employed and handwork in part substituted, the 

 cost came to nearly $9 per acre. In a light soil and not much roots, 

 it could be kept as low as $4. These improved underground plows, 

 illustrations of which are given, may be had for less than $30. 



Mitteilungen iiher die Leistungsfahigkeit des verhesserten Eck- 

 ert'schen Shdl- und Untergrundpflugs nach mehrjdhrigen Erfahr- 

 ungen im grossern Kulturbetrieb. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeit- 

 ung, May, 1906, pp. 145-149. 



An attempt to encourage the planting of our 

 Black Black Walnut {Juglans nigra) in Austria is 



Walnut. being made, and instructions for its propa- 



gation are formulated by Boehmerle. Ra- 

 pidity of growth is one of the foremost recommendations of this 

 species, and a number of measurements are given. These run in a 

 14-year old stand as follows: Height, 6 to 11.5 feet; diameter, 0.8 



