324 Forestry Quarterly. 



Besides the solids the soluble carbonaceous materials are also 

 designated as humus, namely, the humic acids. These are leeched 

 out and carried away by waters, coloring creeks and rivers. These 

 are mostly disintegrated in the first mentioned manner, and finally 

 "nothing" remains of them. 



Zur Humusbildung. Centralblatt fiir das gesammte Forstwesen 

 Aug.-Sept., 1906. Pp. 401-403. 



SILVICULTURE AND PROTECTION. 



j A bit of silvicultural history of interest to 



i Mistaken all engaged in converting mismanaged 



I Silvicultural woods into good producers is told by F. H. 



Aspirations. When in the middle of the last century it 



became evident in some of the Swiss forests 

 that coppice and coppice with standards did not satisfy the require- 

 ments, and a conversion into timber-forest was imperative, it was 

 necessary to find means of continuing at least the supply of needed 

 fuel wood, before the lengthened rotation would give new supplies. 

 To meet this need it was proposed, after temporary agricultural use 

 of the areas, to plant in rows the species which were to form the tim- 

 ber forest, namely oak, beech, blue beech, maple, ash, elm, and be- 

 tween these rows to introduce rows of the rapidly growing larch, 

 pine, birch and black locust, with the expectation that after 35 years 

 — the rotation of the coppice hitherto practiced — these would furn- 

 ish as much wood as the coppice, and thus supply the needed require- 

 ments. 



What really happened is related from the city forest of Lenzberg, 

 with an area of 1500 acres, where in 1847 such conversion was be- 

 gun. The newly installed forest manager, convinced of the pro- 

 priety of this proceeding, was gratified to secure from 460 acres, de- 

 voted four years to agricultural use, a rent of over $17,000, while 

 the planting cost was only $6,000. But, whatever the original condi- 

 tion of the plantations and the expectations may have been, the 

 stands of later years do not justify the method. These, now 47 to 

 57 years old, show first of all that the "Vorwald" rows of rapid 

 growing species were not removed, but on the contrary form the 

 main stand, while what was to be the timber forest, mainly beech and 



