6o Forestry Quarterly. 



There are, however, three directions in which eventually all 

 have come to work, namely, education, assistance, and police 

 regulations. 



I may cite more in detail conditions as the}^ are developed in 

 the province of Varmland through the efforts of the efficient 

 expert, Lansjagmastare A. Nilsson. In this province, the State 

 owns only 4% of the forest area, 30 per cent, is owned by large 

 corporations, and 66 per cent, by small holders, who own at most 

 tracts of 6cx) to 700 acres. 



The forestry expert gives three separate technical courses of 

 instruction to woodland owners, each lasting about two weeks, 

 namely, two in the fall on silviculture and mensuration, and one 

 in the spring on draining, the utilization of the many peat bogs 

 being an important problem. Two lectures a day and 6 to 8 

 hours demonstration in the field is the time given to these courses, 

 some four or five forest rangers assisting at the demonstrations. 

 While attending these courses the Board pays the living expenses 

 of those attending. The number admitted out of the 80 to 90 

 applications is 50 ; in five years some 200 or more men attended 

 these courses. In addition, literature of a popularly written but 

 technical character is distributed. Sometimes this instruction is 

 given in combination with high schools or country schools. 



To those who ask for it, special advice is given in the manage- 

 ment of their properties by sending an expert on the ground. 

 To those who desire to plant waste lands or old clearings seed is 

 furnished up to 50 lbs., at one-tenth of its cost, and other plant 

 material may under circumstances be supplied free of charge. 



The owner has a right to cut as he pleases, but if natural 

 regeneration fails to appear he is obliged to plant, the Board 

 determining when the necessity for such planting has arrived. 



If the owner objects to the decision of the Board a special 

 inspection is ordered, the expense of which he must pay, and at 

 the same time he loses all claim to assistance. Although the 

 power of the Board is great, the policy is to secure cooperation 

 rather than to use force. By this time, owners have learned to 

 see the advantages of these arrangements, and only speculators 

 make trouble. 



Protection against forest fires may also be among the func- 

 tions of the various Boards. In the better settled districts the 

 fire trouble is almost passed, the population being largely owners 



