Dunes on Coast of Jutland. 65 



Limbs of pine, spruce and fir could be used as cover but would 

 not obviate the necessity of sowing seeds of grasses, mosses or 

 other herbs. Before trees can be planted the sands must be fixed. 

 The limbs of conifers would serve to fix the sand until the grasses 

 can continue and supplement the work of sand fixation, and even 

 the grasses are more precarious than a tree cover and serve to 

 hold the sand until the tree plantation is established. 



Hedges as used in coast protection might be used to advantage 

 to control the shifting of sand along the Columbia River. A new 

 method observed in 1908 at Blaavand, Jutland, although used for 

 coast protection, might succeed in the Columbia River and is 

 described as follows : 



Pine limbs are put down in a row, like a hedge, on the sand 

 beach at right angles to the coast line, the distance between rows 

 being about 220 yards. For inserting the limbs in the sand a 

 steam pump is used, a hose with an iron pipe 8 feet long on its end 

 being attached to the pump. The iron pipe is pointed downward 

 on the sand and when the water is pumped through it the sand is 

 excavated by hydraulic force. In this way a trench is made about 

 8 feet deep in which the branches of conifers are placed upright in 

 three rows protuding several feet above the surface. 



When the sand blows up from the sea these hedges hold it and 

 gradually there is formed a long embankment; later, on these 

 embankments beach grass is planted and finally, after the sand is 

 fixed, fir and pine will be planted. These hedges are made to 

 extend as far as possible into the water in order to divert the 

 currents from the shore. To further guard against the erosion 

 of the banks of the shore, another system of hedges, similar in 

 construction to that described above, is constructed to run 

 parallel to the beach at right angles to the first described hedges. 

 These hedges are placed about 7 yards apart and the depth is 

 only 4^ feet and i foot wide. The limbs are placed very close in 

 these trenches, which here were dug with spades because the 

 distance from the forcing and lifting pump was too great. This 

 system of hedges not only holds much sand from shifting inland 

 but acts as a buffer to the action of the waves. 



The cost of the hedges where the pump is used for excavation 



was $0.30 per running yard, which includes all items of expense, 



cutting limbs, freight, excavation of trench and placing the limbs 



in position. The excavation costs $0,088 per running yard. The 



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