66 Forestry Quarterly. 



cost of the trenches excavated with spades is somewhat more, 

 amounting to $0.40 per running yard, including all items of 

 expense. 



If some of these coast protection methods should be applied on 

 the Columbia River, a series of hedges should be built at right 

 angles to the prevailing wind, and these connected, perhaps, with 

 hedges running in the direction of the wind because more shelter 

 would result from this arrangement and thereby sand grasses can 

 be planted or sown with more rapid results. In a short time the 

 hedges would become walls of sand on which the beach grasses 

 would be planted and these walls would grow for many years but 

 would be able to hold the sand from shifting inland. Eventually 

 these dunes should be planted with trees and when these have 

 gained a foothold the forester's work would be finished and 

 permanent protection from further inroads of the sand would be 

 achieved. 



In Denmark, the tree species best adapted for dune planting 

 are Pinus montana and Picea alba, of which 3 or 4 year old 

 transplants are used. Picea alba thrives well close to the beach 

 where the salt cold air is harmful to most species. Abies pectinata 

 thrives well on the north slopes of the dunes and in deep depres- 

 sions. The greater part of the dune is planted with Pinus 

 montana especially on the west slopes. Formerly the transplants 

 were set about 3 feet apart and the rows about 3^ feet apart, but 

 expense of thinning at a time when the products of the thinning 

 had no value has caused the adoption of broader spacing, so that 

 now the transplants are placed 6 feet apart, with 12 feet between 

 rows. 



The plains between the dunes are first sown to heather and only 

 after the dunes are fixed are the plains planted to trees, because 

 the heather grown on the plains may be required to be cut to 

 furnish heather to be used on the dunes as described above. 

 When the time arrives for planting the plains with trees, furrows 

 are plowed and a year or two after, holes are dug in the furrows 

 with a spade and the earth loosened for receiving the transplants. 

 Usually a mixture of spruce and pine is planted, every second 

 plant being a spruce. Occasionally other species are used such as 

 Picea excelsa, Abies balsamea, Picea sitchensis, Pinus 

 banksiana and, if well sheltered, Pseudotsuga taxifolia. It 

 is doubtful if the last two mentioned here have a future. Japanese 



