94 Forestry Quarterly. 



excellent substitutes for woods in use at present for cordwood, 

 piling, posts, poles, cross-ties, mine timbers, paving blocks, insula- 

 tor pins, furniture, finish, veneer, cooperage, vehicle stock, and 

 tool handles." The sap-wood, which makes up a high percentage 

 of an immature tree decays rapidly in contact with the soil. 

 Reports received from Australia state that the trees must be at 

 least sixty years old before their lumber is suitable for finer uses 

 such as finish and furniture. Should this prove true for Cali- 

 fornia grown eucalypts it will have a decided bearing upon the 

 profits to be obtained from plantations. S. J. R. 



Some Results of Dead Load Bending Tests of 'Timber by Means 

 of a Recording DeiJectometer. By Harry D. Tiemann. Reprint, 

 Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials, Vol. 

 IX, 1909. 



This paper embodies some of the results obtained from four 

 series of dead load tests made by the U. S. Forest Service with 

 dry longleaf pine beams during three years beginning August i, 

 1906. The deflections of the beams were recorded automatically 

 upon a revolving drum, the whole apparatus having been designed 

 by Mr. Tiemann who was in charge of the experiments. 



Some of his deductions are briefly as follows : 



1. The deflections and recoveries produced by immediate addi- 

 tion and removal, respectively, of live loads are the same, (up to 

 the elastic limit, and probably to the point of first failure) as 

 would have been produced had there been no dead load upon the 

 beam. 



2. When the beams were not ruptured by the time test, and, 

 after resting a year without load, were tested in the usual power 

 machine, it was found that neither the ultimate strength nor the 

 elastic limit had been reduced. The stiffness (immediate modulus 

 of elasticity) also was not changed by the dead load. 



3. The greener the wood the more plastic under permanent 

 load. Variations in the moisture content of the surrounding air 

 decidedly influence the deflections under dead load. Beams 

 deflect most during damp weather, and such increases are cumu- 

 lative instead of being recovered by subsequent drying. 



4. In an atmosphere of constant humidity dry longleaf pine 

 beams may with safety be loaded permanently to within 75 per 



