148 Forestry Quarterly. 



towns in England, but in county yards, pit sawing prevailed. 

 Jn 1861, waney pine was first allowed; the timbers were left with 

 3 to 6 inches en the corners to avoid waste in hewing the timber 

 exactly square. The first raft of square timber on the Ottawa 

 River left the mouth of Gatineau River June 11, 1806, and took 

 28 days to reach Montreal. In the early days the rafts were very 

 crude. Cables were made from twisted birch saplings, anchors of 

 wood and the wooden oars, which were 24 feet long, were hewed 

 from small trees. The industry has largely disappeared with 

 the introduction of the modern sawmill. A detailed table of the 

 output of square and waney timber from 1845 to 1909 is ap- 

 pended. 



Canada Lumberman and Woodworker, January i, 191 1. 



The greatest difficulty confronting hard- 

 Glut wood millmen to-day is how to realize a 



in profit or even cover the cost of production 



Low Grades. in low grade lumber. The demand for box 

 material has been less since the introduc- 

 tion of fiber and paper boxes which are rapidly replacing lumber. 

 Low grades are consquently piling up in various parts of the 

 country, especially at points remote from consumption. 



This decline may cause development in use superior to that of 

 boxes. It is said that no other problem before the hardwood 

 millmen is so important and that, despite other statements to 

 the contrary, hardwood lumbermen have made little progress 

 toward effective forest conservation or economic utilization of 

 their product. Dry kilns at points of production would aid ma- 

 terially but other solutions must also be made. 



Hardwood Record, October 10, 1910. 



This tree is the most valuable of all the 

 Quebracho. species growing in Argentine Republic. It 



has been used extensively for railroad ties 

 and fence posts, and is said to have lasted 40 years. The bark 

 was formerly exported in large quantities for tannin but now 

 the extract is shipped. The center of the quebracho trade is 

 Santa Fe, a city about 350 miles north of Buenos Aires on the 

 Parana River. During the year 1909 Argentina exported 55,493 



