286 Forestry Quarterly. 



Cedar, jack pine, tamarack and hemlock are the species mostly- 

 used. Cedar furnishes 30 per cent., jack pine 24 per cent., 

 tamarack 20 per cent, and hemlock 13 per cent., of the ties used. 

 Nearly all the remainder is made up of spruce and Douglas fir. 



The average price was 2)7 cents per tie as compared with 38 

 cents in 1908. Cedar ties averaged 45 cents, tamarack 39 cents, 

 hemlock 33 cents, jack pine 30 cents and spruce 25 cents, each. 



It is pointed out that preservative treatment of ties is being 

 largely adopted by United States railway companies, although 

 using a high perecentage of durable species, and the adoption of 

 this policy in Canada is urged. This would mean economy to the 

 railways and would lead to the use of species which have little or 

 no market at present, inferior as well as much fire-killed timber. 



Adding 20 cents for the freight and cost of placing the tie in 

 place to the purchase prices quoted above, and assuming the life 

 of cedar ties to average 9 years, tamarack 8 years, hemlock 7 

 years, jack pine and spruce 6 years, the writer shows the annual 

 charges per tie to be 8.74 cents for cedar, 8.76 cents for tamarack, 

 8.83 cents for hemlock, 9.54 cents for jack pine, and 8.59 cents for 

 spruce (money 4 per cent.). If 30 cents be allowed as the cost of 

 creosoting ties and equipping them with tie-plates, on a basis of 

 a life of 15 years the annual charges would fall to 8.54, 8.00, 7.47, 

 7.19 and 6.74 cents, for the same species. The use of treated ties 

 would thus result in an annual saving of from $6.00 to $70.50 per 

 mile of track, according to the species used. 



Wood-Using Industries of North Carolina. By Roger E. 

 Simmons. Economic Paper No 20, N. C. Geological and Eco- 

 nomic Survey. Compiled in co-operation with the U. S. Forest 

 Service. Raleigh, N. C. 1910. Pp. 74. 



The value of the timber crop of North Carolina is exceeded 

 only by that of the cotton and corn crops. In 1908 the State pro- 

 duced 1,137 million feet B. M. of lumber worth $15,598,000. 

 Over half of this material was manufactured into finished pro- 

 ducts. 



North Carolina supplies 96 per cent, of the 676 million feet B. 

 M. of rough lumber required by its 21 wood-using industries. In 

 all 33 different woods were manufactured, of which 18 are 



