3i8 forestry Quarterly. 



broken, frequently with hoes because too steep for plowing and 



the litter raked into windrows and burned. The grain is put in 



with hoes or with a light plow which may be drawn by women and 



children. The harvest is usually cut with a sickle. These areas 



are parcelled out to their individual owners at cutting time in a 



way that is curiously primitive. The sub-divisions may be carried 



so far that one man's share is but a few square feet. 



Attempts to induce these communal owners to the change to 



coniferous high forests meets the stubborn oposition always met in 



changing long established customs, here doubly effective because 



of the poverty of the owners. Purchase by the State seems the 



best solution and a start in this direction has been made. 



Die Landwirtschaftlichen Zwischennutsungcn der Hauhergswirtschaft. 

 Silva. November, ii & i8, 1910. Pp. 351-52; 359-60. 



Forstmeister Tiemann advocates inexpen- 

 Silvicultural sive experiments which every forester may 

 Experiments. profitably make without much extra ex- 

 pense. He suggests a long list of such ex- 

 periments, of which we cite a few. 



1. Comparative trials with untransplanted root-pruned and with 

 transplanted spruce on various sites; also transplanting with ball 

 to see whether the extra cost pays. Also see, whether thinning 

 out seed rills produces plant material which could be utilized a 

 year earlier, than if left undisturbed . 



2. Trial with different planting tools under different conditions 

 as to rapidity and efficiency. 



[Such trials were lately made by the students from Toronto 

 University on a loose sand soil with more or less compact sod. 

 A 71b., 6 inch, common hoe was found the best universal planting 

 tool in such ground both for rapidity and efficiency and for shal- 

 low planting (spruce), as well as for deep planting (pine), and 

 for setting into deep holes in loose dry soil.] 



3. Manteuffels top planting and planting on sod with or without 

 balls of earth, in comparison with above. 



4. Comparison in handling plants from water pails and from 

 baskets with fresh soil ; also water-soaked plants, soaked for 

 various time periods, to see whether they do not withstand drouth 

 better. 



5. In sod, is it desirable to replace the sod, turned, around the 

 plant to prevent evaporation or does the sod prevent penetration 

 of rain water. 



