Periodical Literature. 477 



days later; the other species showing different differences. 

 Again, on north slopes, the buds in beech start 6 days earlier and 

 complete their foliage 9 days earlier in the average than on south 

 slopes. 



Calling the buds formed and plants grown in the open "light 

 buds" and "light plants," and those grown under cover "shade 

 buds" and "shade plants," the investigator found by transplant- 

 ing experiments with young trees that this progress of budding 

 is due to the characteristic of buds formed in the shade to bud 

 earlier than those formed in stronger light ; in other words, the 

 tendency of earlier or later budding is not merely due to eco- 

 logic conditions, but it is inherited in the bud, and only gradu- 

 ally, after several years, does an adaptation to new light condi- 

 tions take place: the shade plants for several years bud earlier 

 than the light plants and vice versa. Also leaf and twig posi- 

 tion and the specific anatomical structure of the leaves of shade 

 and light plants persist: the effect of a certain light intensity 

 outlasts the cause. On the other hand, seedlings of beech grown 

 in the shade while budding earlier than unshaded ones, did not 

 show in I to 3 year olds, much of this influence : the shade and 

 light plants can be without danger, transferred to opposite con- 

 ditions, although a small advantage of light plants was observed. 



Light buds are larger, heavier, stouter and more closely cov- 

 ered with more numerous scales and have the anlage for a 

 longer shoot with denser foliage and of the structure of light 

 leaves, as the shade leaves are also recognizable in the struc- 

 ture of the bud. 



Some practical conclusions for silvicultural treatment are de- 

 duced and some of the practices receive new explanation from 

 these observations, as, for instance, the damage resulting from 

 too rapid removal of nurse trees above a young regeneration, 

 creating light conditions to which the young plants are not 

 adapted. Too slow removal on the other hand, produces de- 

 cided shade forms, which, when freed, only slowly or not at all 

 recuperate. The spreading habit, which Hauch lately made the 

 basis for determining the spacing in plantations, the author finds 

 variable according to climatic differences and consequently dif- 

 ference in light intensity. 



In planting fail places with material secured from natural 

 regeneration, no shade plants should be used and for under- 



